The enormous inventory of genes with various functions and expression profiles that can be targeted in species with systemic RNAi makes it feasible to explore the usefulness of RNAi-induced phenotypic effects other than direct mortality and developmental stunting, such as increased susceptibility to insecticides (Mao et al., 2007), disruption of host seeking behavior (Zhao et al., 2011) and infertility (Pitino

et al., 2011), potentially enabling the development of multi-dimensional management strategies. A desirable buy Epacadostat feature of RNAi approaches for crop protection is the exquisite selectivity of RNAi based on the sequence identity of the dsRNA with the sequence of its target transcript. This selectivity can be exploited to devise RNAi-based pest management strategies that have no effect on non-target species, thus permitting their integration into existing integrated pest management programs. Thiazovivin in vitro Optimization of pest management strategies based on RNAi must take into consideration potential pitfalls and limitations, most notably, the ability of a pest species to develop resistance to an RNAi-based control agent. It has been suggested that the ability of a

dsRNA to produce a useful phenotypic effect could be overcome by sequence polymorphisms in the target gene of a pest population (Gordon and Waterhouse, 2007). It is therefore important to evaluate the extent of sequence polymorphism in specific target genes in pest populations

and to design dsRNAs that act on large stretches of target gene sequence before investing in the development and deployment of dsRNA agents targeting their expression. It is also possible that another biochemical pathway or a paralogous gene with partially overlapping function could compensate for the loss of function of an RNAi-induced phenotype (Price and Gatehouse, 2008). The potential to develop this type of resistance can be minimized by careful design of dsRNAs targeting the expression of well understood target genes. It has also been reported that Elongation factor 2 kinase continuous feeding of dsRNA over several days induced up-regulation of some targeted genes in B. dorsalis ( Li et al., 2011). Although the expression of other genes examined in the latter study were effectively suppressed by their corresponding dsRNAs, it would be desirable to conduct further investigations to elucidate the mechanism underlying the observed over-expression to determine whether it reflects intrinsic properties of these particular genes or a more general compensatory response.

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