640 0.01 −0.07–0.09 0.829 Maternal smoking in all trimesters Model
1 0.06 −0.06–0.18 0.301 0.04 −0.08–0.15 0.534 0.07 −0.05–0.20 0.245 Model 2 0.11 −0.01–0.23 0.063 0.10 −0.02–0.21 0.100 0.10 −0.03–0.22 0.122 Model 3 −0.02 −0.09–0.06 0.640 −0.01 −0.09–0.06 0.745 −0.01 −0.12–0.09 0.792 Paternal smoking Model 1 0.03 −0.06–0.11 0.535 0.03 −0.05–0.11 0.404 0.00 −0.08–0.09 0.950 Model 2 0.03 −0.05–0.11 0.421 0.04 −0.04–0.12 0.283 0.01 −0.08–0.09 0.884 Model 3 −0.01 −0.06–0.04 0.634 learn more 0.01 −0.04–0.05 0.834 −0.03 −0.10–0.04 0.346 Combined models Model 1 Maternal smokinga 0.05 −0.05–0.14 0.344 0.01 −0.08–0.11 0.802 0.07 −0.03–0.17 0.166 Paternal smoking 0.02 −0.07–0.10 0.706 0.03 −0.05–0.11 0.458 −0.01 −0.10–0.08 0.797 Model 2 Maternal smokinga 0.07 −0.02–0.17 0.127 0.05 −0.05–0.14 0.311 0.08 −0.02–0.19 0.106 Paternal smoking 0.01 −0.07–0.09 0.774 0.03 −0.05–0.11 0.526 −0.01 −0.10–0.08 0.767 Model 3 Maternal smokinga 0.02 −0.04–0.08 0.537 0.02 −0.05–0.08 0.642 0.03 −0.06–0.11 0.557 Paternal smoking −0.02 −0.07–0.04 0.548 0.00 −0.05–0.05 0.997 −0.04 −0.11–0.04 0.330 Girls Spine BMC (SD score: 1 SD = 16.7 g) Spine BA (SD score: 1 SD = 12.3 cm2) Spine BMD (SD score: 1 SD = 0.086 g/cm2) Maternal smoking in any trimester Model 1 0.13 0.03–0.23 0.013 0.12 0.03–0.22 0.012 0.10 0.00–0.21 0.049 Model 2 0.15 0.05–0.25 0.002 0.16 0.06–0.25 0.001 0.12 0.01–0.22 0.025 Model
3 0.02 −0.03–0.07 0.444 0.05 −0.00–0.10 0.065 −0.01 −0.08–0.06 0.799 Maternal smoking CYTH4 in all trimesters GANT61 chemical structure Model 1 0.13 0.01–0.25 0.035 0.12 −0.00–0.23 0.055 0.11 −0.01–0.24 0.081 Model 2 0.18 0.06–0.30 0.004 0.17 0.06–0.29 0.004 0.14 0.01–0.26 0.035 Model 3 0.04 −0.02–0.11 0.210 0.07 −0.00–0.13 0.054 0.01 −0.09–0.10 0.859 Paternal smoking Model 1 0.10 0.02–0.18 0.014 0.08 −0.01–0.16 0.066 0.12 0.04–0.20 0.005 Model 2 0.11 0.03–0.19 0.009 0.08 0.00–0.16 0.043 0.12 0.04–0.20 0.004 Model 3
0.01 −0.03–0.06 0.580 0.00 −0.04–0.05 0.951 0.03 −0.03–0.09 0.288 Combined models Model 1 Maternal smokinga 0.11 0.01–0.21 0.040 0.11 0.02–0.21 0.020 0.07 −0.04–0.18 0.186 Paternal smoking 0.07 −0.01–0.16 0.089 0.05 −0.04–0.13 0.293 0.10 0.01–0.18 0.025 Model 2 Maternal smokinga 0.13 0.03–0.23 0.013 0.14 0.05–0.24 0.003 0.08 −0.02–0.19 0.130 Paternal smoking 0.07 −0.01–0.15 0.101 0.04 −0.04–0.13 0.337 0.10 0.01–0.18 0.027 Model 3 Maternal smokinga 0.02 −0.04–0.07 0.545 0.06 −0.00–0.11 0.058 −0.02 −0.10–0.06 0.546 Paternal smoking 0.01 −0.04–0.06 0.681 −0.01 −0.06–0.03 0.598 0.04 −0.02–0.11 0.197 Reference category for maternal smoking variables is “Never smoked during pregnancy” and for paternal smoking variable is “Non-smoking” Model 1 is signaling pathway adjusted for the child’s age, mother’s parity, household social class and maternal/paternal factors (age, height, pre-pregnancy BMI, education).
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