The endoscopic stigmata of recent bleeding were evaluated with the Forrest classification,5 Pexidartinib ic50 one of the systems most widely used for this purpose.2 In this classification, grade I represents active hemorrhage, grade II represents recent stigmata of bleeding, and grade III represents no

stigmata of recent bleeding. This classification can be summarized as: grade Ia, arterial hemorrhage (‘spurting’), and Ib, diffuse hemorrhage (‘oozing’); IIa, non-bleeding visible vessel; IIb, adherent clot; IIc, flat pigmented spot; and III, ulcer without recent stigmata of bleeding (‘clean base’). Finally, endoscopic therapy for the bleeding lesion, which was carried out with sclerosing agent injection or with hemoclip, was recorded. Evolution of UGIB was considered unfavorable in the following situations: (i) bleeding persistence (defined as hematemesis, INCB024360 ic50 melena, hemodynamic instability, or decrease of the hemoglobin/hematocrit despite blood transfusion during the first 48 h);

(ii) bleeding relapse (re-bleeding during hospital admission after cessation of bleeding according to both clinical and laboratory criteria); (iii) surgical treatment requirement; and (iv) mortality. Therefore, the outcome variable was categorized as ‘unfavorable’ (when any of the aforementioned complications occurred) or ‘favorable’ (when none occurred). Finally, hospitalization length was recorded, and defined as the number of days between the admission and discharge. All patients immediately discharged after endoscopy were seen by the gastroenterologist a week later in the outpatient clinic. Patients that did not attend their follow-up were contacted by telephone to confirm whether re-bleeding had occurred. For continuous variables, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. For categorical variables, percentages and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were provided. Categorical

variables were compared with the χ2 test and quantitative variables with the Student t-test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. From June 2006 to June 2007, 77 patients with UGIB secondary to gastroduodenal ulcer or erosive gastritis/duodenitis were admitted to the emergency department (Table 1). Clinical, Nitroxoline laboratory and endoscopic characteristics of these patients are shown in Table 2. The most frequent presentation was melena. Duodenal ulcer was the most frequent lesion identified during endoscopy (60%), followed by gastric ulcer. Most duodenal ulcers were located in the bulbar anterior wall, whereas gastric ulcer was located more frequently in the stomach antrum. Thirty-nine percent of the patients required a blood transfusion. Distribution of stigmata of bleeding at endoscopy was: Forrest I (22%), Forrest II (40%) and Forrest III (38%) (Table 2). Endoscopic treatment (sclerosis or hemoclip) was carried out in 45.5% of patients. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding persisted in one patient (1.3%).

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