Phenolics can be subdivided into phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, tannins, coumarins, and simple phenols [3]. These antimicrobial compounds from plants also have potential to inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms other than those presently used by antibiotics and this may have full article clinical value in treatment of resistant microbial strains [4].In this connection Listeria species is one such bacteria with increasing reports of its resistance to conventional antibiotics [5�C8]. Listeria species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widespread in nature and they have been recovered from raw vegetables, raw milk, fish, poultry, and meats, such that infection most likely begins following ingestion of the organism in contaminated food, and clinical manifestations of the invasive listeriosis are usually severe and may include abortion, sepsis, and meningoencephalitis [9].
Listeria crosses the mucosal barrier of the intestine and, once in the bloodstream, may disseminate hematogenously to any site although the liver is thought to be the first target organ, where active multiplication occurs until cell-mediated immune response gains control of the infection [9, 10]. In healthy individuals the continual exposure to listerial antigens may result in maintenance of antilisteria memory T cells; however in immune-compromised individuals this exposure may result in prolonged bacteremia and progress to overt listeriosis such that approximately 70% of nonperinatal Listerial infections occur in individuals with malignancies, AIDS, organ transplants, or in those receiving corticosteroid therapy [9].
The case-fatality rates of Listeria infection vary from country to country, but invariably the highest mortality is among newborns (25%�C50%) due to infection acquired from their mothers, whilst mortality among those over 60 years of age is also high ranging between 10%�C20% [11].Given the high mortality rates of Listeria infection against a background of antibiotic resistant strains it becomes imperative to explore for alternative forms of treatment, and having acknowledged Carfilzomib the medical importance of plant remedies and their potential in curbing antibiotic resistance this study therefore focuses on the antilisterial activities of the crude methanol extract of Garcinia kola seeds. Garcinia kola is a traditional medicinal plant which has been used since time immemorial for its medicinal purposes mainly in its indigenous origins of central and West Africa [12].
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