, Beijing, China) under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. A similar adenoviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a control. Adenovirus was injected through the jugular vein. Please find the animal perform procedures in the Supporting Materials. For yeast two-hybrid screening, we used a Matchmaker Gold Y2H system according to the manufacturer’s instruction

(Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Mountain View, CA). The bait vector, pGAKT7-IRF9, was constructed by cloning the encoding region of IRF9 gene of human into pGAKT7 to create an in-frame fusion with the Gal4 DNA-binding domain. pGAKT7-IRF9 was transformed into www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html yeast strain Y2H Gold on SD/–Trp according to a standard polyethylene glycol/single-stranded DNA/lithium acetate procedure. The Y2H Gold [pGADT7-IRF9] strain was mated with the Y187 (Mate & Plate Library; Clontech) strain by mixing 4-5 mL of Bait Strain and 1 mL of Library Strain in 45 mL of 2×YPDA liquid medium and incubating at 30°C for 20-24 hours, slowly shaking (30-50 rpm). Then, we centrifuged to pellet cells and discarded the supernatant. Pelleted cells were then resuspended

in 10 mL of 0.5× YPDA/Kan liquid medium. Dilutions (100 µL of 1/10) were plated onto SD/–Leu/–Trp minimal media double dropouts to select for mated colonies. Plates were incubated at 30°C for 5 days. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor analysis was performed with the Student two-tailed t test or one-way analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Methods for histological analysis, serum examination, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis are described in the Supporting Materials and have been detailed previously.[23] Methods for plasmid construction, immunoprecipitation (IP), glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay, and confocal microscopy

are also included in the Supporting Materials. To investigate whether IRF9 is involved in metabolic diseases, we used HFD-induced and genetic (ob/ob) obesity models. We stained liver section slides with antibodies (Abs) against hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), a molecular marker of hepatocytes, and IRF9. Almost all IRF9 was localized in HNF4-positive Dichloromethane dehalogenase cells, which indicates that IRF9 was mainly expressed in hepatocytes, rather than other types of cells, in the liver (Fig. 1A,C). We calculated the proportion of IRF9-positive hepatocytes. We observed that hepatocytes expressed IRF9 decreased after 26 weeks of HFD (Fig. 1B). Consistently, the proportion of IRF9-expressing cells in livers of ob/ob mice was lower than in lean mice (Fig. 1D). Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of IRF9 were significantly lower in livers of the HFD-fed obese mice than in NC controls (Fig. 1E,F). In agreement with these results, ob/ob mice also had lower IRF9 expression levels than lean mice (Fig. 1E,F).

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