Overexpression of AP-2 alpha in BeWo cells led to an increased rate of apoptosis, whereas apoptosis was decreased when AP-2 alpha expression was reduced. Furthermore, overexpression of AP-2 alpha increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl-2

expression, whereas down-regulation of AP-2 alpha expression resulted in a decrease in Bax expression and an increase in Bcl-2 expression. AP-2 alpha regulates expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and apoptosis in BeWo cells. These results suggest that selleck inhibitor AP-2 alpha-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax regulation influences apoptosis which in turn leads to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.”
“Upon activation by therapeutics, the nuclear xenobiotic/constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) regulates various liver functions Stattic supplier ranging from drug metabolism

and excretion to energy metabolism. CAR can also be a risk factor for developing liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we have characterized the conserved threonine 38 of human CAR as the primary residue that regulates nuclear translocation and activation of CAR. Protein kinase C phosphorylates threonine 38 located on the alpha-helix spanning from residues 29-42 that constitutes a part of the first zinc finger and continues into the region between the zinc fingers. Molecular dynamics study has revealed that this phosphorylation may destabilize this helix, thereby inactivating CAR binding to DNA as well as sequestering it in the cytoplasm. We have found, in fact, that helix-stabilizing mutations reversed the effects of phosphorylation. Immunohistochemical study using an anti-phosphothreonine 38 peptide antibody has, in

fact, demonstrated that the classic CAR activator phenobarbital dephosphorylates the corresponding threonine 48 of mouse CAR in the cytoplasm of mouse liver and translocates CAR into the nucleus. These results define CAR as a cell signal-regulated constitutive active nuclear receptor. These Napabucasin mw results also provide phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the threonine as the primary drug target for CAR activation.”
“Background. Schizophrenia patients demonstrate impairment on visual backward masking, a measure of early visual processing. Most visual masking paradigms involve two distinct processes, an early fast-acting component associated with object formation and a later component that acts through object substitution. So far, masking paradigms used in schizophrenia research have been unable to separate these two processes.\n\nMethod. We administered three visual processing paradigms (location masking with forward and backward masking, four-dot backward masking and a cuing task) to 136 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 79 healthy controls. A psychophysical procedure was used to match subjects on identification of an unmasked target prior to location masking.

05). An increase of Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression was observed, with a concomitant increase of prostaglandin E2 concentration in PHH supernatants at 24 and 48

h (p smaller than 0.05). In contrast, at day 7 of co-culture, no persistent elevation of cytokine mRNA could be detected. High expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on PHH cell membranes after co-culture was shown by two-photon-microscopy and confirmed by flow-cytomety. Finally, expression of Cytochrome P450 3A4 and albumin mRNA were downregulated, indicating an impairment of hepatocyte synthesis function by Helicobacter hepaticus presence. This is the first in vitro model demonstrating a pathogenic effect of a Helicobacter spp. on human liver cells, resulting in an inflammatory response with increased

synthesis of inflammatory AG-014699 cost mediators and consecutive monocyte activation.”
“The movement of animals through space filled with various objects requires the interaction between neuronal mechanisms specialized for processing local object motion and those specialized for processing optic flow generated by self-motion of the animal. In the avian brain, visual nuclei in the tectofugal pathway are primarily involved in the detection of object motion. By contrast, the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) and the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM) are dedicated to the analysis of optic flow. But little is known about how these two systems interact. Using single-unit recording SYN-117 in the entopallium of the tectofugal pathway, we show that some neurons appeared to be integrating visual information of looming objects and whole-field motion

simulating optic flow. They specifically responded to looming objects, but their looming responses were modulated by optic flow. Optic flow in the nasotemporal direction, typically produced by the forward movement of the bird, only mildly inhibited the looming responses. Furthermore, these neurons BYL719 started firing later than when the looming object was presented against a stationary background. However, optic flow in other directions, especially the temporonasal direction, strongly inhibited their looming responses. Previous studies have implicated looming-sensitive neurons in predator avoidance behavior and these results suggest that a bird in motion may need less time to initiate an avoidance response to an approaching object. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“EGFR, as a critical signaling pathway in many human tumors, has become an important target of cancer drug design. Taspine has shown meaningful angiogenesis activity in previous studies. This paper is to investigate the antitumor action of taspine by modulating the EGFR signaling pathway. The study determined the expression of key signaling molecules of EGFR (EGFR, Akt, p-Akt, Erk, and p-Erk) by Western blot and real-time PCR and analyzed their correlations with subsequent reactions.

This study aims to identify

common biochemical and anthropometric markers that impact adipose hormones, including adiponectin and leptin. Based on previous literature, it was hypothesized that these would be adversely impacted by liver function parameters, and adiponectin levels would be positively correlated with phospholipid Omega-3 fatty acids. Forty nondiabetic adult subjects (body mass index, bigger than = 25.0 kg/m(2)) were recruited. Fasting plasma samples were taken to assess adipokine levels, glucose metabolism, electrolytes, liver enzymes, and blood lipids. Basic anthropometric measurements were also recorded. Adiponectin levels were positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and negatively correlated with anthropometric measures, insulin, liver enzymes, triglycerides, and very low-density GSI-IX cost lipoprotein cholesterol brit not body mass index. Conversely, plasma leptin levels were positively correlated with anthropometric measures, Small molecule library chemical structure C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasma phospholipid proportions of Omega-3 alpha linoleic acid but inversely correlated with creatinine levels. These results support other data regarding correlations between

adiponectin and relative adipose distribution. Correlations with specific liver enzymes may indicate that adiponectin levels are tied to fatty acid deposition in the liver; however, liver/kidney damage though further mechanistic clarification is required. Leptin levels were associated with measures of adiposity but not liver enzymes. Each of these variables, along with blood lipids, may serve as potential future therapeutic targets for the prevention and management of obesity and related comorbidities. this website (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) may be performed using the transfemoral (TF) or transapical (TA) approach in most patients with aortic stenosis. The impact of access choice on peri-procedural and midterm

results remains to be defined. Methods: Medline and Cochrane Library were searched for articles describing differences in baseline, periprocedural, and midterm outcomes among patients undergoing TF or TA TAVI. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality after at least 1-year follow-up, while secondary end-points were 30 days mortality and in-hospital complications (bleeding and cerebrovascular events). The independent impact of access choice was evaluated with pooled analysis using a random-effect model. Results: Thirteen studies with 10,468 patients were included. TF was the most exploited strategy (69.5% vs. 30.5%). After adjusting for confounding variables, 30-day and midterm follow-up mortality (median 365 days, range 222-400) were lower in TF patients with a pooled adjusted odds ratio of 0.81 (0.68-0.

Diagnostic criteria and methods are not well delineated. Objective Diagnostic criteria for hypersensitivity Compound C nmr reactions after metallic device implantation are evaluated in this study by a multinational group of patch testers using Thyssen’s previously published criteria. Methods A total

of 119 dermatologists at the 2012 European Contact Dermatitis Society and 2013 American Contact Dermatitis Society meetings answered a survey regarding their opinions on topics relating to metal hypersensitivity. Conclusions Four major and 5 minor diagnostic criteria emerged. Approximately 80% of respondents found the following criteria useful (major criteria): chronic dermatitis beginning weeks to months after metallic implantation, eruption overlying the metal implant, positive patch test to a metal component of the implant, and complete clearing after removal of the potentially allergenic implant. Minor criteria ( smaller than 61% of respondents) were as follows: systemic allergic dermatitis reaction, click here therapy-resistant dermatitis, morphology consistent with dermatitis, histology consistent with allergic contact dermatitis, and a positive in vitro test to metals (eg, lymphocyte

transformation test). In the challenging situation such as a symptomatic or failing orthopedic device, applying these 4 major criteria and the 5 supportive minor criteria may be useful for guiding decision making.”
“Phytosteryl ester synthesized with pinolenic acid (PLA) from pine nut oil is expected to have features of both phytosterol and PLA. In this study, lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) was immobilized and then used to optimize conditions for synthesis of phytosteryl ester containing PLA. Lewatit VP OC 1600, a macroporous hydrophobic resin, was selected as the best carrier,

and the optimum condition for the immobilization of CRL was established. With immobilized CRL prepared, learn more synthesis of phytosteryl ester with fatty acid from pine nut oil was carried out. Parameters investigated were temperature, molar ratio (phytosterol to fatty acid), enzyme loading, and vacuum. Optimum conditions for synthesis of phytosteryl ester were a temperature of 60 degrees C, molar ratio of 1:4, enzyme loading of 10% (based on the total weight of the substrate), and pressure of 80 kPa. The maximum conversion of phytosteryl ester was ca. 93 mol % at the optimum condition.”
“Upper gastrointestinal bleeding refers to bleeding that arises from the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Treitz. The primary reason for gastrointestinal bleeding associated with hepatocellular carcinoma is rupture of a varicose vein owing to pericardial hypotension. We report a rare case of gastrointestinal bleeding with hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient who presented with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. The initial diagnosis was gastric cancer with metastasis to the multiple lymph nodes of the lesser curvature.

Enucleation may be oncologically equivalent to resection.”
“Kaposi sarcoma is characterized by a proliferation of irregular jagged vascular channels, which partly surround preexisting blood vessels in some areas. This characteristic appearance of a small vessel protruding into an abnormal vascular space has Danusertib manufacturer been termed,,promontory sign”. Cutaneous angiosarcoma (AS) is a malignant vascular neoplasm comprised of a meshwork of anastomosing irregular dilated vessels between collagen bundles and around skin appendages, lined by atypical

endothelial cells. The presence of promontory sign has not been described as a histologic finding in AS. We retrieved all cases of cutaneous AS from the files of Yale Dermatopathology Laboratory between 1990 and 2007. Sixty-six biopsies front 15 patients (7 men and 8 women) were reviewed. The lesions were divided histologically in a patch, plaque, or tumor stage according to the depth of invasion of malignant cells. Forty of the 66 biopsies were from a patch or plaque stage of AS. The remaining 26 biopsies were from tumor stage of AS. In 13 of 40 biopsies (32.5%) of patch

and plaque lesions of AS, promontory sign was identified, seen primarily in the upper reticular dermis. These biopsies were taken from I I patients (6 men and 5 women), ranging in age from 36 to 86 years (median 69). Promontory sign was not found in any of the 26 biopsies of tumor stage AS. The presence of promontory sign has not been emphasized in lesions other than Kaposi sarcoma, but seems to be a feature that is not uncommon in patch/plaque stage AS.”
“Thermal fronts detected BMS-777607 mouse using multiple satellite sensors have been integrated to provide new information on the spatial and seasonal distribution of oceanic fronts in the North Atlantic. The branching of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) as it encounters the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is reflected in surface thermal fronts, which

preferentially occur at the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ) and several smaller fracture zones. North of the CGFZ there are few thermal fronts, contrasting with the region to the south, where there are Nepicastat inhibitor frequent surface thermal fronts that are persistent seasonally and interannually. The alignment of the fronts confirms that the shallower Reykjanes Ridge north of the CGFZ is more of a barrier to water movements than the ridge to the south. Comparison of front distributions with satellite altimetry data indicates that the MAR influence on deep ocean currents is also frequently exhibited in surface temperature. The improved spatial and temporal resolution of the front analysis has revealed consistent seasonality in the branching patterns. These results contribute to our understanding of the variability of the NAC, and the techniques for visualising oceanic fronts can be applied in other regions to reveal details of surface currents that cannot be resolved using satellite altimetry or in situ measurements. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The primary myelofibrosis P005091 datasheet cells had chromosome 13q deletions, and the secondary myelofibrosis (SMF) cells had JAK2V617F mutations. The myelofibrosis patient cell-derived iPS (MF-iPS) were confirmed as possessing these parental disease-specific genomic markers. The capacity to form three germ layers was confirmed by teratoma assay. By co-culture with specific feeder cells and cytokines, MF-iPS can re-differentiate into blood progenitor cells and finally into megakaryocytes. We found that mRNA levels of interleukin-8, one of the candidate cytokines related to the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis,

was elevated predominantly in megakaryocytes derived from MF-iPS. Because megakaryocytes from myelofibrosis clones are considered to produce critical mediators to

proliferate fibroblasts in the bone marrow and iPS can provide differentiated cells abundantly, the disease-specific iPS we established should be a good research tool for this intractable disease. (C) 2014 ISEH – International Society for Experimental Hematology. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by accumulation of lipids, especially cholesterol, in the perinuclear space. U18666A is a cholesterol transport-inhibiting agent, being used to mimic NPC, mainly in fibroblasts. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of the drug U18666A, which causes the accumulation of cholesterol in the cytoplasm www.selleckchem.com/products/DAPT-GSI-IX.html of astrocytes from newborn rats, on some lysosomal hydrolase activities. Filipin staining and Topoisomerase inhibitor fluorescence microscopy, through CellM software, were used for visualization and quantification of cholesterol. The dose of U18666A that provided the greatest accumulation of cholesterol was that of 0.25 A mu g/mL in incubation

for 48 h. Primary rat astrocytes incubated with the drug (NPC) showed a significantly higher amount of cholesterol than those without U18666A (controls). The measurement of activity of enzymes sphingomyelinase and beta-glucosidase in astrocytes of rats with NPC was significantly lower than that of control astrocytes, which is consistent with the disease in humans. The activity of the enzyme beta-galactosidase showed no significant difference between both groups. We concluded that U18666A appears to be an excellent intracellular cholesterol transport-inhibiting agent affecting some metabolic pathways in astrocytes of young rats, which mimics NPC in these animals. Just like the change in the activity of lysosomal enzymes has been demonstrated, other biochemical parameters of the cell can be tested with this animal model, thus contributing to a better understanding of the disease.”
“The rat hepatic gene CYP4F1 encodes a fatty acid omega hydroxylase P450 that metabolizes proinflammatory eicosanoids and long-chain fatty acids. We have completely sequenced the CYP4F1 gene (Accession Nos.

“
“Females

live longer than males. We have shown that the higher levels of estrogens in females protect them against aging, by up-regulating OICR-9429 mw the expression of antioxidant, longevity-related genes, such as that of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Both estradiol and genistein (the most abundant phytoestrogen in soybeans) share chemical properties which confer antioxidant features to these compounds. However, the low concentration of estrogens and phytoestrogens make it unlikely that they exhibit significant antioxidant capacity in the organism. Physiological concentrations of estrogens and nutritionally relevant concentrations of genistein activate the MAP kinase pathway. These, in turn, activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway. Activation of NF-kappa B by estrogens subsequently activates the expression of Mn-SOD and GPx, but genistein is check details only capable of activating Mn-SOD expression. This could be due to the fact that genistein binds preferably to estrogen receptor beta. The antioxidant protection is reflected in the lower peroxide levels found in cells treated with estrogens or phytoestrogens when compared with controls. The challenge for the future is to find molecules that have

the beneficial effects of estradiol, but without its feminizing effects. Phytoestrogens or phytoestrogen-related molecules may be good candidates to meet this challenge.”
“In order to examine the role of Lacerta agilis in the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, lizards were captured in three different VX-770 mouse localities in Slovakia, Poland, and Romania. Skin biopsy specimens from collar scales and ticks feeding on the lizards at the time of capture were collected. In total, 87 individuals (I I in Slovakia, 48 in Poland, 28 in Romania) of L. agilis were captured. Altogether, 245 (74, 74, 97) larvae and 191 (78, 113, 0) nymphs were removed from captured lizards. Borrelial infection was detected by PCR amplifying a fragment of the 5S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer and genotyping by restriction

fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). When examining the presence of borreliae in biopsy specimens, striking differences between separate populations were observed. Whilst none of the biopsy specimens from L. agilis from Poland were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l., 45% of the sand lizards from Slovakia and 57% from Romania were positive. B. lusitaniae was confirmed in all positive biopsy specimens. The prevalence of borreliae in ticks that had fed on lizards was 6% in Poland, 21% in Slovakia, and 13% in Romania. While B. lusitaniae was the only genospecies in ticks from Slovakia (except for 2 larvae infected with B. afzelii) and Romania, it represented 64% and B. valaisiana 27% of the borrelia infections in ticks from lizards captured in Poland. The highest probability of ticks to get infected expressed as specific infectivity of lizards was recorded in Slovakia (0.

Thus, co-localization

analysis can be performed using only a single detection channel. Furthermore, the proteins were used to tag the RNA-binding protein AtGRP7 (Arabidopsis thaliana glycine-rich RNA-binding 3-Methyladenine supplier protein 7) in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Because the new reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent proteins show an increase in signal strength during each photoactivation cycle, we were able to generate a large number of scans of the same region and reconstruct 3-D images of AtGRP7 expression in the root tip. Upon photoactivation of the AtGRP7:rsFastLIME-s fusion protein in a defined region of a transgenic Arabidopsis root, spreading of the fluorescence signal into adjacent regions was observed, indicating that movement from cell to cell can be monitored. Our results demonstrate that rsFastLIME-s, bsDRONPA-s, and PADRON C-s are versatile fluorescent markers in plants. Furthermore, the proteins also show strong fluorescence in mammalian cells including COS-7 and HeLa cells.”
“Pediatric facial fractures account for only 5% of all facial fractures, with even a much lower incidence in children younger than 5 years (1%-1.5%). The evolution of principles in the management S3I-201 concentration of pediatric facial fractures and the differences in management between adult and

pediatric patients have been well documented in the literature. Pediatric facial fracture Entinostat inhibitor management presents unique challenges because

it might affect growth in the area specific to the trauma segment. Children are, in several ways, at a regenerative advantage: greater osteogenic potential, faster healing rate, primary dentition that is thereby temporary, and the capacity for significant dental compensation. Perhaps because of this, complications such as infection, malunion, nonunion, and postinjury malocclusion are relatively rare compared with the adult population. In this article, we will focus on different approaches to complications that arise after pediatric fracture management.”
“The ability to impute mental states to others, or Theory of Mind (ToM), has been the subject of hundreds of neuroimaging studies. Although reviews and theta-analyses-of these studies have concluded that ToM recruits a coherent brain network, mounting evidence suggests that this network is an abstraction based on pooling data from numerous studies, most of which use different behavioral tasks to investigate ToM. Problematically, this means that no single behavioral task can be used to reliably measure ToM Network function as currently conceived. To make ToM Network function scientifically tractable, we need standardized tasks capable of reliably measuring specific aspects of its functioning. Here, our goal is to validate the Why/How Task for this purpose.

This ITS was presumably remnant of the chromosome rearrangement(s) leading to the genomic redistribution of the rDNA sequences. Comparative analysis

of the cytogenetic data among several related salmonid species confirmed huge variation in the number and the chromosomal location of rRNA gene clusters in the Salvelinus genome.”
“The goal of this study was the in vivo evaluation of nanoporous titanium (Ti) implants bearing a covalently linked surface hyaluronan (HA) layer. Implant surface β-Nicotinamide topography and surface chemistry were previously evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results showed that the surface modification process did not affect surface topography, yielding a homogeneously HA-coated nanotextured implant surface. In vivo evaluation of implants in both cortical and trabecular bone of rabbit femurs showed a significant improvement of both bone-to-implant contact and bone ingrowth at HA-bearing implant interfaces at 4 weeks. The improvement in osteointegration rate was particularly evident in the marrow-rich trabecular bone (bone-to-implant contact: control 22.5%; HA-coated 69.0%, p < 0.01). Mechanical testing (push-out test) and evaluation of interfacial bone microhardness confirmed ERK inhibitor a faster bone

maturation around HA-coated implants (Bone Maturation Index: control 79.1%; HA-coated 90.6%, p < 0.05), Suggestions based on the biochemical role of HA are presented to account for the observed behavior. (C) 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:657-663, 2009″
“The formation of precise neuronal networks is critically dependent on the motility of axonal growth cones. Extracellular gradients of guidance cues evoke localized Ca2+ elevations to attract or repel the growth cone. Recent studies strongly suggest that the polarity of growth cone guidance, with respect to the localization of Ca2+ signals, is determined by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the following manner: Ca2+ signals containing ER Ca2+ release cause growth cone

attraction, while Ca2+ signals without ER Ca2+ release cause growth cone repulsion. Recent studies have also shown https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Staurosporine.html that exocytic and endocytic membrane trafficking can drive growth cone attraction and repulsion, respectively, downstream of Ca2+ signals. Most likely, these two mechanisms underlie cue-induced axon guidance, in which a localized imbalance between exocytosis and endocytosis dictates bidirectional growth cone steering. In this Update Article, I summarize recent advances in growth cone research and propose that polarized membrane trafficking plays an instructive role to spatially localize steering machineries, such as cytoskeletal components and adhesion molecules. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

The introduction of 3H4MV as a second monomer will improve the material properties of 3HB-based polymers. To promote the accumulation of PHA containing 3H4MV monomer, isocaproic acid was provided as co-carbon source. Approximately 1 mol% of 3H4MV was detected in wild type Burkholderia sp. cultures when they were fed glucose or fructose together with isocaproic acid. Thus, the wild type strain can synthesize the 3H4MV monomer. High 3H4MV fractions,

selleck chemicals of about 40 mol%, were obtained when the transformed strain was cultivated on glucose or fructose together with isocaproic acid. In addition, the ability of the transformed strain to mobilize accumulated PHA containing 3H4MV monomer was demonstrated in this study. This is the first report on mobilization of the 3H4MV monomer. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of the present work was the development and characterization of two novel silane and imide ring containing vinylic macromonomers, N-(4-trimethylsiloxyphenyl) maleimide (TSPM) and N-(4-trimethylsiloxyphenyl) FDA approval PARP inhibitor pyromellitylimido-N’-phenylacrylate (TSPA), and their emulsion copolymerization in the presence of styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) monomers. The purity and structural conformation of TSPM and TSPA were ascertained from elemental analysis,

FT-IR and NMR spectral studies. Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of copolymers was

investigated by transition electron microscopy (TEM) and then the effect of TSPM and TSPA concentrations on the water absorption ratio was examined. The results show AC220 manufacturer that compared with the film based on the pure P (St-co-BA) copolymers, the water-resistance of the emulsion films made of TSPM and/or TSPA was greatly improved. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background Over 100 genes have been implicated in the aetiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A detailed understanding of their independent and cumulative contributions to disease burden may help guide various clinical and research efforts. Methods Using targeted high-throughput sequencing, we characterised the variation of 10 Mendelian and 23 low penetrance/tentative ALS genes within a population-based cohort of 444 Irish ALS cases (50 fALS, 394 sALS) and 311 age-matched and geographically matched controls. Results Known or potential high-penetrance ALS variants were identified within 17.1% of patients (38% of fALS, 14.5% of sALS). 12.8% carried variants of Mendelian disease genes (C9orf72 8.78%; SETX 2.48%; ALS2 1.58%; FUS 0.45%; TARDBP 0.45%; OPTN 0.23%; VCP 0.23%. ANG, SOD1, VAPB 0%), 4.7% carried variants of low penetrance/tentative ALS genes and 9.7% (30% of fALS, 7.1% of sALS) carried previously described ALS variants (C9orf72 8.78%; FUS 0.45%; TARDBP 0.45%). 1.