The main toxic agent in fatal poisonings was defined as the substance supposed to be the main contributor to death. Toxicological analyses included a drug-screening program. According to the Institute of Forensic Toxicology’s standard protocol, blood from the common iliac vein was used. Alcohols (ethanol, methanol, isoproanol and aceton) were analysed

with headspace gas chromatography (GC), and two different columns were used. Immunological screening was used for amphetamines, cannabis Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC), cocaine/benzoylecognin, opiates and opioids, and positive results were confirmed using GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Liquid chromatography single stage mass spectrometry (LC-single MS) was used for benzodiazepines and their metabolites, and for 63 of the most commonly encountered drugs within the given groups: analgesics, anti-depressants, neuroleptics, anti-epileptics, and others. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Confirmation tests used also LC-single MS,

but with different extraction and separation columns. In addition, carbon monoxide Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was analysed for. Other drugs were analysed on request. Heroin metabolizes quickly to morphine via 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM). If 6-MAM is not detected in blood or urine, it is not possible to tell from the analytical results if heroin or morphine was the initial compound. Therefore, these deaths were registered as heroin/morphine deaths. The main toxicological agent in fatal poisonings was determined by the forensic pathologist. For patients who survived, and for fatal poisonings in hospital not subjected to medico-legal autopsy, the main toxic agent was defined Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical as the substance supposed to be most toxic considering the amount taken. Other agents were defined as additional Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical agents. The evaluation was made by the treating physician based on all available information. A drug screen was not routinely performed but was conducted if requested by the physician (e.g. ethanol and paracetamol in most cases). Information obtained at the highest level of care was chosen if the patient

was treated at different health care levels, i.e. if the patient was treated both by ambulance services and in hospital, data from the hospital was used in further analyses. For hospitalized patients, the mean blood alcohol concentration was 1.77 % (range 0.2 – 6.2) if ethanol was identified, Parvulin and if it was found to be the main toxic agent, the mean blood concentration was 2.26 % (range 0.2 – 6.2). For the ambulance service, blood concentration levels were not available. In the Oslo Emergency Ward, blood concentration levels were available to the physicians evaluating the main and additional agents, but these figures were not available to the researchers. For fatal poisonings, the alcohol concentration levels were not available to the selleckchem researchers, but they were available to the forensic pathologist classifying the toxic agents for each patient.

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