Immunoblot analyses were performed according to a previously published procedure [24]. Proteins of interest in liver homogenates were resolved using a 9% or 12% gel and developed using an ECL chemiluminescence system (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK). Total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA,USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To

obtain cDNA, total RNA (1 μg) was reverse-transcribed using an oligo(dT)16 primer. The cDNA was amplified using a high capacity Selleckchem PF 2341066 cDNA synthesis kit (Bioneer, Daejon, Korea) with a thermal cycler (Bio-rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with STEP ONE (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using a SYBR green premix according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems). Primers were synthesized by Bioneer. The following primer sequences were used: mouse SREBP-1 5′- GAGGCCAAGCTTTGGACCTGG-3′ (sense) and 5′- CCTGCCTTCAGGCTTCTCAGG-3′ (antisense); mouse FAS 5′- ATTGCATCAAGCAAGTGCAG-3′ (sense) and 5′- GAGCCGTCAAACAGGAAGAG-3′ (antisense); mouse ACC 5′- TGAAGGGCTACCTCTAATG-3′ (sense) and 5′- TCACAACCCAAGAACCAC-3′ selleck chemical (antisense); mouse PPARα 5′- CTGCAGAGCAACCATCCAGAT-3′ (sense) and 5′- GCCGAAGGTCCACCATTTT

-3′ (antisense); and mouse Sirt1 5′-ATCGGCTACCGAGACAAC-3′ (sense) and 5′- GTCACTAGAGCTGGCGTGT-3′ (antisense). The relative level of PCR products was determined on the basis of the threshold cycle value. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as a reference

gene for normalization. Melting curve analysis was done after amplification to verify the accuracy of the amplicon. One-way analysis of variance was used to assess significant differences among treatment groups. The Newman–Keuls test was used for comparisons of group means. Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM-SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) for Windows software. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation. The criterion for statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 or p < 0.01. We first evaluated the effects of RGE on EtOH-induced steatosis. To induce alcoholic steatosis, we adopted the most commonly Carbohydrate used voluntary feeding model with the Lieber–DeCali diet containing EtOH (Fig. 1A). After 4 weeks of alcohol feeding, serum ALT and AST levels were significantly increased. The EtOH-induced elevation in ALT and AST was notably decreased by concomitant treatment with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg RGE (5 times/week, per os; Fig. 1B). To verify the effects of RGE on alcoholic steatosis, we performed histopathological analysis of changes in fat accumulation. Hepatic steatosis was observed in all of the EtOH-fed groups. However, alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis was markedly and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg RGE ( Fig. 1C). Our data verified that RGE treatment improves alcohol-induced fatty liver.

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