Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the

effects of patient and hospital characteristics on outcomes such as mortality, complications, discharge disposition, and length of stay.

RESULTS: A total of 58,115 patients with CSM underwent spinal fusion with an average mortality rate of 0.6%, a complication rate of 13.4%, and a mean length of stay of 4 days. Pulmonary (3.6%) and postoperative hemorrhages or hematomas (2.3%) were the most common complications reported. One postoperative complication led to a 4-day increase in mean length of stay, increased the mortality rate 20-fold, and added more than $10,000 to hospital charges. Multivariate analysis identified age, comorbidity, and admission type as the main predictors of mortality, complication rate, and adverse outcome. Patients aged 85 or 65 to 84 years had respective 44- and 14-fold increases in mortality, compared with patients in the 18- to 44-year age group. Patients older than 84 years had a 40-fold increase in adverse outcomes and a 5-fold likelihood of medical complications. Patients with three or more comorbidities had an increased risk of medical complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.98), adverse discharge (OR, 2.17), and in- hospital mortality (OR, 2.36). Elective admissions were associated with much lower rates of mortality (OR, 0.28), complication (OR, 0.68), and adverse outcome (OR, 0.26). Complications

were greater for posterior fusion (16.4%) versus anterior fusion (11.9%) procedures. Anterior fusions were associated with a greater incidence of dysphagia (3%) and hoarseness (0.21 %). Cervical spondylosis patients who presented without myelopathy had a much lower incidence of complications (6.3%).

CONCLUSIONS: We provide a national estimate of inpatient complications and outcomes after spinal fusion for CSM patients in the United States. We demonstrate the impacts of age, complications, and medical comorbidities on the outcome of surgery for patients with this common disorder. We provide complication rates stratified by age and medical comorbidities for elderly patients who present with CSM who need Spinal fusion.”
“Hsp24

is a small heat-shock protein (sHSP). Such proteins are important endogenous cytoprotection factors involved in defense. A 1116-bp full-length cDNA of the Hsp24, with a 645-bp open reading frame nucleotide encoding a 24-kDa polypeptide consisting of 214 amino acid residues, was isolated from Trichoderma harzianum. Sequence analysis revealed that Hsp24 gene has more than 42-58% amino acid sequence homology with those of other fungi. The Hsp24 gene was integrated into pYES2 by inserting into a single site for recombination, yielding the recombinant of pYES2/Hsp24. Hsp24 expressed by pYES2/Hsp24 was induced by galactose. We tested whether Hsp24 could confer abiotic stress resistance when it was introduced into yeast cells.

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