, 2012). The holothurian Scotoplanes globosa also comprises a large fraction of the abundance of bathyal, benthic megafauna ( Kuhnz et al., 2011). S globosa is presumably an important bioturbator that introduces oxygen to sediments as they feed and move along on the seafloor. Organisms that oxygenate sediments or reduce sulfide concentrations through feeding, dwelling structures, and burrowing FRAX597 mw may indirectly facilitate other

taxa ( Widdicombe et al., 2000 and Levin et al., 2001). In this way, low-level or local-scale disturbance (<10 m2, e.g., bioturbation) can increase small-scale heterogeneity and thereby increase biodiversity, while high-level or regional-scale disturbance (>10 m2, e.g., Navitoclax in vivo dredging, trawling) typically reduces biodiversity ( Engel and Kvitek, 1998 and Thrush and Dayton, 2002). The arrival of an intermodal container in the deep sea is arguably a high-level disturbance, suffocating the fauna in underlying sediments. Similarly, trawling

reduces habitat heterogeneity and is expected to reduce biodiversity. However, even though diversity in sediments beneath a lost container is expected to decline, containers on sediment-covered deep-sea environments also provide new habitat (albeit man-made) that is likely to increase local diversity and richness. Containers sinking in rocky habitats may have little effect on local habitat heterogeneity, and thus a minor influence on diversity or species richness. If

the container caused the anomalies in nearby Resminostat macrofaunal community patterns, its effects are relatively minor. Some infaunal shifts may also be related to slight differences in the physical character of deep-sea sediments. Larger grain size and lower TOC of sediments nearest the container, consistent with acceleration of bottom currents by the container, may be responsible for the observed minor shifts in taxa abundance. While it has not been well-studied in deep-sea species, there is abundant evidence that deposit feeding taxa in shallow sedimentary habitats selectively ingest sediments of particular size classes (Rhoads, 1974, Whitlatch, 1981, Taghon, 1982, Probert, 1984 and Wheatcroft and Jumars, 1987); in this way, sediment characteristics correspondingly play an important role in structuring macrofaunal communities (Rhoads, 1974 and Levin et al., 2001). Trends in sediment grain-size near the container are very likely related to the hydrodynamic effects of the container on local flow patterns, promoting a higher range and variation in currents adjacent to the container, and net removal of fine sediments. Particulate organic matter (POM) flux or food supply has been suggested to ultimately play the most significant role in regulating the number of species (Levin et al., 2001).

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