At the start and end of the incubation triplicate water samples were collected by gravity flow using 1 cm ID, 15 ml ground-glass stopper tubes (Chemglass). These dissolved gas samples were fixed with 200 μl of 50% ZnCl2 and stoppered immediately

to minimize surface water to air gas exchange (McCarthy et al., 2007). Tubes were submerged in ice-water and stored at 4 °C until gas analysis within 24 h of collection. Ambient water samples were filtered serially through 0.7 μm GF/F (Whatman) and 0.2 μm polycarbonate membrane (Millipore) filters for DOC, total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), and DOM characterization within 24 h of collection. Water samples were stored in the dark at 4 °C in acid washed precombusted amber glass bottles (DOC & TDN) or frozen in polyethylene bottles http://www.selleckchem.com/products/forskolin.html (TDP) for analysis within three months

of collection. An O.I. Analytical TOC Analyzer with an external nitrogen detector was Trametinib research buy used in combustion mode to measure DOC (mg-C l−1) and TDN (mg-N l−1) concentrations. TDP (μg-P l−1) concentrations were determined colorimetrically by the ascorbic acid and sodium molybdate method following autoclave persulfate digestion. Ultraviolet to visible absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the DOM pool (Cory et al., 2010 and Williams et al., 2013). Absorbance scans were made at 1 nm increments from 800 to 230 nm and excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence scans were made from 230 to 500 nm excitation at 5 nm increments and 300 to 600 nm emission at 2 nm increments. Fluorescence scans were corrected for inner filter effects, a Milli-Q blank, and instrument bias and converted

to Raman units (RU) using the Milli-Q blank. From these scans four indices were calculated: fluorescence index (FI; Cory et al., 2010), beta:alpha ratio (β:α; Wilson and Xenopoulos, Glutathione peroxidase 2009), humification index (HIX; Ohno, 2002), and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA; Weishaar et al., 2003). In addition, EEMs were combined with those of a larger sample set (n = 971) for PARAFAC modeling ( Stedmon and Bro, 2008). A 7 PARAFAC model was validated and described in Williams et al. (2013). The component excitation and emission peaks are: C1 Ex.260(360) & Em.482, C2 Ex.<250(310) & Em.420, C3 Ex.<250 & Em.440, C4 Ex.285(440) & Em.536, C5 Ex.360(260) & Em.424, C6 Ex.<250(285) & Em.386, and C7 Ex.280 & Em.342. Component Fmax scores were presented as relative abundance (%). Water column heterotrophic bacteria (×109 cells l−1) were enumerated via flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson FACSAria) after staining with SYBR Green I in the presence of potassium citrate (Marie et al., 1997). BP (μg-C l−1 d−1) was measured through 3H-leucine uptake into protein following cold trichloroacetic acid digestions and filtration (Kirchman, 2001). Epilithic algal biomass was determined as chlorophyll a.

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