Authors’ contributions AH performed all the experiment, BI 2536 datasheet analyzed the experimental data, and drafted the manuscript. KCG helped in assessing the spectroscopic analysis. IKK conceived the study and participated in its design and in refining the manuscript and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In this paper, the galvanic filling of InP membranes will be discussed which is an essential step for special magnetic field sensors based on magnetoelectric composites. Sensing biomagnetic signals either from the heart or the brain of a human have become more and more important in modern

medical diagnostics, e.g. to detect malfunctions of the heart by magnetocardiography (MCG) [1, 2] or to find the origin for seizures in the brain by magnetoencephalography learn more (MEG) [3, 4]. These biomagnetic signals to be detected lie in the order of 10−12 to 10−15 T. Up to now, this requires rather huge and expensive superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)-based systems that limit the application to university hospitals

or hospital centers. As an additional disadvantage, the SQUID-based systems cannot be applied directly to the patient because of the need for thermal insulation due to liquid helium respectively liquid nitrogen cooling of the SQUIDs. This gives rise to the potential replacement by magnetoelectric composite sensors. In principle, different composite geometries are possible. Magnetoelectric Interleukin-2 receptor MK5108 mouse 1–3 composites – one-dimensional magnetostrictive structures in a three-dimensional piezoelectric matrix – have the potential advantage of millions of magnetoelectric elements in parallel and also the

very high contact area between the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric component. The galvanic deposition of magnetic and nonmagnetic metals into porous materials is a challenging field especially for ignoble metals, mainly in terms of conformal filling from the bottom of the pore [5–7]. Most of the deposition research has been done in porous alumina membranes [8–10]. It was recently shown in [11] that it is possible to galvanically grow dense Ni nanowires in ultra-high aspect ratio porous InP membranes when coating the pore walls with a very thin dielectric interlayer prior to the galvanic deposition. The dielectric layer electrically passivates the pore walls so that a nucleation of metal clusters on the pore walls is prevented. It is well known that the magnetic properties of galvanically grown nanowires strongly depend on the growth conditions. The galvanic deposition parameters have been widely exploited and optimized for thin films [12–18], but not for the application in high and ultra-high aspect ratio structures. The huge difference between thin films and high aspect ratio structures is the mass transport of the species taking part in the deposition reaction.

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