Blecher suggested that these bans and, more broadly, comprehensive tobacco control strategies were not as popular Imatinib Mesylate in low- and middle-income countries because consumption was still relatively low. That said, consumption is growing, and there has been an increase in the number of low- and middle-income countries pursuing TAPS bans or restrictions. The 2011 WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic indicates that partial bans are more common among high-income countries. Nearly 70% of high-income countries have banned advertising in broadcast and print media, although some direct and indirect advertising remains; in contrast, approximately one half of middle- and low-income countries have enacted such bans (see Figure 1).

However, comprehensive bans are more prevalent among low- and middle-income countries (see Figure 1; WHO, 2011), and the reasons for this greater prevalence are worth exploring in future research. For example, upper middle-income Jordan strengthened its restrictions in 2008, clarifying the wording of tobacco control laws and dedicating additional resources to control. The ministry of health trained 35 health promotion coordinators, who educate people about the law, confiscate promotional materials, and facilitate enforcement by initiating judicial proceedings (WHO, 2009). In Asia, another upper middle-income country, Thailand, has had strong tobacco control measures in place for many years��including comprehensive TAPS restrictions��and there is evidence that their well-implemented legislation has contributed to a sharp decline in awareness of tobacco marketing (Yong et al.

, 2008). As discussed below, the challenge in all countries is whether bans can be successfully implemented to affect tobacco use. If restrictions are not well implemented, the industry may not have to use any of the aforementioned tactics to avoid restrictions; instead, it can simply ignore them and proceed as if regulations did not exist. Figure 1. Bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. FCTC Article 16: Sales to and by Minors Article 16 Recommendations Article 16 recommends that Parties prohibit tobacco sales to youth. As with Article 13, this recommendation is supported by a large body of research. First, there is substantial evidence that tobacco companies have targeted and continue to target the youth market (see NCI, 2008, Chapters 5 and 7 for a review; U.

S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). Widely used in consumer marketing, Cilengitide targeted strategies include the association of appealing images and themes with the product in question; by purchasing the product, consumers are assumed to subscribe to the associated image. Such images and themes are developed with specific subgroups in mind.

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