In coastal waters, one frequently finds Chattonella species, a group of marine protists belonging to the Raphidophyceae. Certain microalgae are notorious for producing harmful blooms, leading to devastating fish kills in farmed finfish operations. The Johor Strait, situated within Malaysia, has experienced Chattonella bloom events since the 1980s. Two Chattonella strains were isolated from the strait in this research; morphological analysis indicated their characteristics were consistent with Chattonella subsalsa. Further molecular characterization corroborated the species' identity as C. subsalsa. The environment was examined for the presence of C. subsalsa cells using a developed whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. In silico, the species-specific oligonucleotide probes were designed, drawing upon the nucleotide sequences of the large subunit (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). PGE2 price Considering hybridization efficiency and probe parameters, the candidate signature regions from LSU-rRNA and ITS2-rDNA were identified as the most suitable. Biotinylated probes were synthesized and then subjected to tyramide signal amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH-TSA). The results indicated the probes' discriminatory ability against non-target cells. The potential for the FISH-TSA method in harmful algal detection within environmental monitoring programs is substantial.
A strong association exists between oxidative stress and inflammation, both playing a part in the mechanisms leading to type 2 diabetes. Ethulia conyzoides, in laboratory tests, demonstrated antioxidant properties, according to recent investigations. In-vivo analysis of the residual aqueous fraction of Ethulia conyzoides was performed to assess its potential antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. The residual aqueous fraction, administered at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, was evaluated in sub-acute antidiabetic studies lasting 21 days. Evaluations of blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, and in vivo levels of antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), were undertaken at the end of the therapeutic intervention. Different concentrations of the residual aqueous fraction, when given to rats, led to a statistically significant (p < 0.005) decrease in blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-1, and TNF levels, along with a substantial (p < 0.005) increase in SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, and insulin levels in comparison to the diabetic control group. The research revealed that the 400 mg/kg body weight dosage concentration demonstrated the strongest effectiveness. A noteworthy antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity is demonstrated by the residual aqueous component of Ethulia conyzoides, according to this result.
Evaluating the safety of water parameters and nutrient levels for fish and freshwater prawns in the Nyatuh River ecosystem of Terengganu, Malaysia, necessitates a thorough examination of water quality indicators. In recognition of the Nyatuh River's importance, a study was conducted to assess water quality parameters and nutrient concentrations in the Setiu, Terengganu river, in relation to the populations of Macrobrachium rosenbergii caught within the Nyatuh River basin. In this study, water quality parameters were assessed at four expeditions and five stations located at different tidal conditions. The collected data indicated a temperature range from 2656°C to 2930°C, along with dissolved oxygen (DO) levels between 359 mg/L and 650 mg/L, pH values spanning 499 to 701, salinity fluctuating between 0.01 ppt and 422 ppt, and depth fluctuations between 271 meters and 554 meters. Ammonia (0.01 mg/L to 0.24 mg/L), nitrite (0.01 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L), and phosphate (0.01 mg/L to 0.12 mg/L) were also measured in this study. For Expeditions 1, 2, 4, and 3, the corresponding prawn counts are 176, 160, 102, and 68, respectively. The heterogeneous prawn catch is likely a result of the substantial disparity in water depth between high and low tides, along with the fluctuation in ammonia concentrations among different sampling stations and expeditions. From a statistical standpoint, the temperature exhibited no significant difference among the expedition, stations, and tidal observations. P is determined as 0.280, p surpasses 0.005, and F is found to be 1206. Concerning dissolved oxygen (DO), no statistically significant difference was detected; the p-value (0.714) exceeded the significance level (0.05), and the resulting F-statistic (0.737) further supported this finding. Substantial differences in water depth existed between the expedition, station, and tidal data, as shown by the statistical analysis (p = 0.000, p = 0.005, F = 1255, respectively). PGE2 price Compared to other expeditions, Expedition 1 saw a larger prawn population growth, a result of the favorable water quality parameter and exceptionally low ammonia concentration. Prawn catch mixtures demonstrate significant heterogeneity between sampling stations, attributable to the variations in water depth and the fluctuations in water quality characteristics, with ammonia levels playing a key role. In closing, the Nyatuh River's water quality exhibited substantial variability across expeditions, sampling locations, and tides, highlighting a notable change in water level depth between high and low tides. In light of the rapid growth and significance of industrial and aquaculture operations in the river's vicinity, a heightened awareness of and caution against excessive pollutants is essential for the well-being of the ecosystem.
The close link between dietary practices and male fertility, along with overall reproductive health, cannot be ignored. Malaysia has, in recent years, displayed considerable enthusiasm for the medicinal and supplementary applications of herbal plants in treating various ailments. Aquilaria malaccensis, also known as karas or gaharu, has recently garnered considerable interest for its capacity to potentially treat a multitude of ailments, thanks to its valuable pharmacological properties. However, a considerable dearth of studies exists regarding its impact on male fertility and reproductive systems. This research evaluated the influence of A. malaccensis on the weight of male reproductive organs (testis, epididymis, prostate gland and seminal vesicle), and its effect on the quality of sperm, encompassing count, morphology, and motility, in adult Sprague Dawley rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) were assigned to four distinct treatment groups: Control (1 mL distilled water, n = 6), Treatment 1 (1 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), Treatment 2 (2 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6), and Treatment 3 (3 g A. malaccensis/kg body weight, n = 6). Distilled water and A. malaccensis were orally administered by gavage, once a day, over a 28-day treatment regimen. Day 29 marked the euthanasia of the rats, followed by assessments of the weight of their reproductive organs and sperm quality. Across all groups (control and treated), no significant difference was noted (p > 0.05) in the weights of the testes, epididymides, prostate glands, seminal vesicles, or sperm motility. The T1 measurement displayed a substantial escalation (p<0.005) to 817%. Generally speaking, treatment with either 1, 2 or 3 grams of A. malaccensis did not affect the weight of the reproductive organs or the mobility of sperm. Conversely, a more concentrated level of A. malaccensis consumed by the rats resulted in an adverse impact on sperm cell count and morphology.
The research examined the potential of a blended culture of Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium to counteract acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) or Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, using it as a representative model. Shrimp infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND strain were distributed across various tanks, each provided with different diets comprising Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium, or all Bacillus strains. A substantial rise in survival rate among infected shrimps nourished with a mixed Bacillus culture, indicated by a reduced percentage of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND strain detection (5714%) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), was accompanied by a low viability count in their hepatopancreas. PGE2 price Contrary to the control group, infected shrimp fed Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, or Bacillus megaterium revealed widespread Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND strain presence in all tissues, as indicated by PCR (86.67%-100% detection), and a large viable cell count (353-424 x 10³ CFU/g). The study indicated a potential for a mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. megaterium to control the dispersion of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp, especially in the hepatopancreatic tissue, a critical site of AHPND in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Numerous studies have investigated the vannamei species. This study revealed the efficiency and intricate process through which a mixed culture of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus megaterium controls the virulence of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND), thus supporting its application in shrimp aquaculture as a biological control method to avoid chemical and antibiotic treatments.
Within Malaysia's oil palm plantations, the bagworm Metisa plana stands out as a primary pest, incurring considerable economic damage through infestation. A detailed analysis of the microbial community within the bagworm is presently outstanding. A crucial understanding of the pest's biology, including its bacterial community, is essential, as bacteria frequently associated with insects often confer advantages to the insect host, thereby enhancing its chances of survival. Employing 16S amplicon sequencing, the bacterial community composition of M. plana was determined. Furthermore, two comparative analyses were conducted, scrutinizing the bacterial communities in larvae from both early and late instar stages within the outbreak region; and comparing the bacterial communities of late instar larvae from areas unaffected by outbreaks to those in outbreak regions.
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