If this approach works similarly in the clinical setting including to the point of being able to circumvent the

need for an interappointment intracanal medication still needs to be shown by clinical trials. Although studies have revealed that PUI may enhance cleaning of root canal irregularities, many of these studies also showed that along with other tested irrigation approaches, PUI was not able to completely remove debris in the apical part of the root canal 21 and 22. As for disinfection, in vitro findings about the effectiveness Vemurafenib price of PUI in reducing bacterial populations have been somewhat inconclusive. One study showed that it was superior to syringe irrigation (30), and another one found no significant difference between the two techniques (31). PUI was not superior than syringe irrigation or passive sonic activation, all using 5.25% NaOCl, in eliminating E. faecalis from root canals of extracted teeth (32). The present findings with PUI alone corroborate those from studies showing no significant additional antibacterial effects. However, when combined with a final rinse with CHX, the whole approach was significantly

effective. A variation in PUI with the irrigant being pumped under a high flow rate through a needle attached to an ultrasonic handpiece has been proposed 19 and 33 and shown to improve cleaning (19) and disinfection 33 and 34. The antibacterial effects of the PUI approach with constant irrigation remain to be evaluated N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase in oval-shaped canals. In conclusion, the present in vitro study showed that PUI followed by CHX rinsing significantly reduced the PS-341 supplier bacterial counts and the incidence of positive

cultures after chemomechanical preparation of oval-shaped root canals. Therefore, there seems to be a benefit of using this combined approach as supplementary steps in the treatment of infected root canals. Further clinical studies are required to confirm these results. Also, the search for effective alternative or supplementary measures to predictably disinfect oval-shaped canals should be encouraged. The authors thank Fernando A. Magalhães for his excellent technical support. The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study. “
“Fracture of nickel-titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments is not an uncommon incident during root canal treatment (1). Fatigue and shear failure are cited as the main reasons for fracture, and the failure mode of the instrument is related to the canal preparation technique (2). Recent clinical studies document that the prognosis for endodontic treatment is not significantly affected by the fracture and retention of a fractured instrument 3 and 4. However, the prognosis is lower when a fractured instrument compromises the effective disinfection of a root canal associated with periapical pathology 3, 4 and 5. Therefore, the management of a case with a broken instrument might involve an orthograde or a surgical approach (6).

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