In 2007 four (33%) samples exceeded the legislative limits of 100 ppb. In 2008 and in 2009 eleven (37%) and four (19%) samples respectively exceeded the limits for ZON. All samples in 2010 and 2011 had ZON concentrations below legislative limits. Regressions of mycotoxin concentrations on the Inhibitor high throughput screening quantified Fusarium DNA in the analysed barley samples were carried out to identify the main producers associated with grain contamination. All samples above the limit of quantification of individual mycotoxins by the LC/MS/MS assay were used in the regression analysis and samples below the limit of mycotoxin quantification were excluded

from the analysis. All regressions of mycotoxins www.selleckchem.com/products/RO4929097.html on individual or mixtures of species

fitted common lines for the data from individual years suggesting that the relationship between Fusarium mycotoxins and their producers is consistent across seasons. A significant positive relationship was observed between the total amounts of F. graminearum and F. culmorum DNA and the amount of DON in the analysed barley grain samples from 2007 to 2009 accounting for 60% of the variance (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.60, d.f. = 58) ( Fig. 2A). Regressing DNA of individual species accounted for less of the variance, 41% for F. graminearum and 28% of the variance for F. culmorum (data not presented). A similar significant relationship (P < 0.001) was between the total amount of F. graminearum and F. culmorum DNA and ZON accounting for 40% of the variance (data not presented). Analysing F. graminearum and F. culmorum individually showed that

both species were equally similarly associated with ZON but accounted individually for only 30% of the variance Metalloexopeptidase (data not presented). F. poae DNA showed a significant positive relationship with NIV (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.84, d.f. = 72) with 73 of the samples from the 2010 to 2011 harvests fitting a common linear regression ( Fig. 2B). A significant positive relationship was also found in 2010 between F. langsethiae with total amounts of HT-2 and T-2 (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.48, d.f. = 15) ( Fig. 2C). All positive samples (16) with HT-2 and T-2 above LOQ were included in the regression analysis and all samples contained F. langsethiae. The regional and seasonal differences in the amounts of total Fusarium DNA and total Microdochium spp. DNA found in UK (South, Midlands, North and Scottish) malting barley samples from 2010 to 2011 are shown in Fig. 3A and B respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of Fusarium species were found in the South of England and in Scotland in 2010, however there were no significant differences between years for the Midlands. In the North of England, Fusarium DNA was found in greater amounts in 2010 than in 2011 ( Fig. 3A).

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