Our objective was to evaluate coronary vasoreactivity in young people with type 1 diabetes with and without microvascular complications.
Methods and results: Twenty-five type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular
selleckchem complications (DC-), 23 with microvascular complications (DC+), and 18 control subjects (C) were studied. Coronary vasoreactivity was assessed by means of coronary flow reserve (CFR). Blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured at rest and after high-dose dipyridamole using transthoracic color-guided pulsed Doppler echocardiography. CFR was defined as the ratio of hyperaemic to resting diastolic peak flow velocities.
The three groups had similar cardiac function parameters, and also systolic and diastolic blood pressure at
rest, which remained unchanged during dipyridamole infusion. Resting coronary flow velocity was comparable in C, DC-, and DC+ (p = ns). Dipyridamole infusion produced a threefold increase in coronary diastolic peak velocity, which reached similar values in C (0.69 +/- 0.16 m/s), DC- (0.69 +/- 0.18 m/s), and DC+ (0.66 +/- 0.11 m/s). Mean CFR ratio was similar in C (3.33 +/- 0.66), DC- (3.30 +/- 0.51), and DC+ (3.24 +/- 0.60). At multiple linear Acalabrutinib research buy regression analysis, no association was found between CFR and age, sex, HbA(1c), duration of diabetes, and complications.
Conclusion: Coronary vasodilatory function is preserved in young D patients, even those with early microvascular complications, suggesting that coronary vasoreactivity deteriorates at more advanced stages of microvascular complications and/or in the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The secreted Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) plays
key role in vertebrate head induction. Its receptor Kremen synergizes with Dkk1 in Wnt inhibition. Here we have carried out expression and functional studies of the Dkk and Kremen genes in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri). During embryonic and larval development, BbDkk1/2/4 is expressed in the posterior mesoendoderm, anterior somatic mesoderm and the pharyngeal regions. Its expression becomes restricted to the pharyngeal Selleck Batimastat region on the left side at larval stages. In 45 h larvae, BbDkk1/2/4 is expressed specifically in the cerebral vesicle. BbDkk3 was only detected at larval stages in the mid-intestine region. Seven Kremen related genes were identified in the genome of the Florida amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), clustered in 4 scaffolds, and are designated Kremen1-4 and Kremen-like 1-3, respectively. In B. belcheri, Kremen1 is strongly expressed in the mesoendoderm during early development and Kremen3 is expressed asymmetrically in spots in the larval pharyngeal region. In luciferase reporter assays, BbDkk1/2/4 can strongly inhibit Wnt signaling, while BbDkk3, BbKremen1 and BbKremen3 can not.
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