Pan. Finally, we also studied the saliva microbiome from apes from the Leipzig Zoo, and found an extraordinary diversity in the zoo ape saliva microbiomes that is not found in the saliva microbiomes of the sanctuary animals. Results We analyzed saliva microbial diversity in 22 chimpanzees from the Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Sierra Leone (SL), 23 bonobos from the Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC), and 13 and 15 human staff members from each sanctuary, respectively (Figure 1). We amplified an informative learn more segment of the microbial 16S rRNA gene (comprising the V1 and V2 regions) and sequenced the entire amplicon on the Genome Sequencer FLX platform. After quality filtering and removal of sequence reads less than 200 bp, there were 48,169 sequence reads in total, with the number of reads per individual ranging Selleckchem Navitoclax from 101 to 3182 (Table 1 and Additional
file 1: Table S1). These were searched against the RDP database [16] in order to assign a bacterial genus to each sequence. Altogether, 93.2% of the sequences matched a previously-identified genus; 4.5% were unclassified (i.e., matched a sequence in the database for which the genus had not been classified) while 2.3% were unknown (i.e., did not match any sequence in the database above the 90% threshold value). The total number of identified genera ranged from 47 in the DRC humans to 79 in the chimpanzees (Table 1); overall, we identified 101 genera (Additional file 1: Table S1). Figure 1 Map of the sampling 4-Hydroxytamoxifen order locations in this study, along with pie charts of the ten most frequent bacterial genera in the saliva microbiome. Table 1 Statistics for the microbiome diversity in Pan and Homo Group Number of individuals Number of sequences Number of OTUs Unknown (%) Unclassified (%) Number of Genera Variance between individuals (%) Variance
within individuals (%) Bonobo 23 10312 1209 3.2 4.4 69 19.1 80.9 Chimpanzee 22 14884 2394 4.1 10.0 79 11.3 88.7 Human-DRC 15 5019 731 1.0 0.5 47 36.3 63.7 Human-SL 13 17954 1797 0.8 1.1 59 28.9 71.1 Unknown (%) is the percentage of sequences that do not match a sequence in the RDP database. Unclassified (%) is the percentage of sequences that match a sequence in the RDP database for which the genus has not been classified. To determine if the differences in Thiamine-diphosphate kinase number of genera observed among groups simply reflect differences in the number of sequences obtained, we carried out a rarefaction analysis, which involves subsampling different numbers of reads from each group. The results (Additional file 2: Figure S1) indicate that the two Pan species have similar numbers of identified genera across the different numbers of subsampled reads, and are consistently higher than the two human groups (which are similar to one another). Moreover, the number of genera detected per species/group is not related to the sample size (r = 0.60, p = 0.30).
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