Patients should be monitored carefully for immunosuppressive drug concentrations and for rejection (ungraded). Consideration should be given to the urological implications of potential neuropathic bladder (ungraded). Diabetes mellitus is an increasingly

common disease in Australia and New Zealand. It is an important cause of renal failure, and a common comorbidity among dialysis and transplant patients. It is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular Sorafenib disease and premature mortality. These factors make diabetes an important consideration in the assessment of patients for renal transplantation. The ‘Cardiovascular Disease’ sub-topic guidelines present recommendations and suggestions in relation to screening and testing for cardiovascular disease. Suitability for transplantation is a difficult and sometimes imprecise concept. Studies to demonstrate which patients will live longer after a transplant, compared with remaining on dialysis are difficult. Randomization is impossible, inherent biases are inevitable and transplant outcome data can only be obtained for patients who are being transplanted under current acceptance protocols. Furthermore, the potential for an improved quality of life means that there are patients who would enthusiastically embrace an opportunity to attempt transplantation even if the statistics

were against their success. There

is little prospect of any studies that will accurately measure the benefit or otherwise BAY 80-6946 of renal transplantation compared with remaining on dialysis, for diabetic patients. Prospective randomized trials are impractical, and retrospective analyses are potentially limited by the under-diagnosis of diabetes among wait-listed patients,[1] and by differences between wait-listed patients who either do or do not receive transplants.[2] The most informative studies available are a number of retrospective cohort studies, taken from a number of databases, that compare patients who are transplanted with those who are wait listed, but not transplanted, and/or those who are not wait-listed.[3-5] Edoxaban There is also a systematic review of these studies.[6] These studies demonstrate that across a wide range of subgroups, including diabetics, survival is better for patients who are transplanted, than for patients who remain on dialysis. This guideline reviews the available data about the impact of diabetes mellitus on the outcomes of renal transplantation. The most frequently studied outcomes are patient and graft survival. Numerous studies suggest that patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes have lower patient and graft survival than transplant recipients without diabetes. This reduction in graft survival is less pronounced if death-censored graft survival is considered.

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