Similar

properties to caffeine. Similar to caffeine effects. Green Tea Extract Proteasome inhibitor Contains high amounts of caffeine and catechin polyphenols (e.g., epigallocatechin gallate or EGCG). Serves as antioxidant. Similar effects as caffeine [66, 67] Some supportive evidence of increased metabolism [68–76]. Specific role at dosages found in ED is unknown. Synephrine Alternative to ephedrine. Naturally derived from Citrus aurantium. Stimulant with less cardiovascular effects than ephedrine. Purported to increase metabolism and promote weight loss. Evidence of a mild stimulant effect on metabolism and weight loss [77–82]. No known effects at dosages found in ED. Yerba mate Contains three xanthines (caffeine, theobromine,

and theophylline). Similar properties to caffeine Similar to caffeine effects. Some supportive evidence [83–85] No known effects at dosages found in ED and ES. Yohimbine Alkaloid RG-7388 purchase with stimulant and aphrodisiac properties [86–90]. Similar to caffeine effects. Effects at dosages found in ED are unknown. Tyramine Naturally-occurring monoamine derived from tyrosine. Acts check details as a catecholamine (dopamine, NE, Epi) releasing agent. Degraded to octopine. Increases blood pressure and can serve as neurotransmitter [91–93]. Mild cardiovascular stimulant. Effects at dosages found in ED / ES are unknown. Vinpocetine Alkaloid of vincamine extracted from periwinkle plant (Vinca) minor. Vasodilatory and memory enhancing properties [94, 95]. No known effects at dosages found in ED or ES. Table 5 Other potential ergogenic nutrients contained in energy drinks that may affect performance Ingredient Potential ergogenic value Scientific support Panax Ginseng Contains ginsenosides which are purported to have anti-inflammatory, new antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Purported to enhance perceptions of energy, increase stamina and improve nitrogen balance [96]. Most well-controlled research does

not support the ergogenic effects for ginseng [97–111]. No known effects at dosages found in ED and ES. L-Carnitine Involved in shuttling long chain fatty acids into mitochondria. Purported to promote lipolysis [112]. Limited supportive ergogenic value in athletes or on weight loss [112]. No known effects at dosages found in ED and ES. D-Ribose Involved in ATP synthesis. Theoretically, D-ribose supplementation can increase ATP availability. Some evidence of improved exercise capacity in clinical populations [113] but limited evidence that high dose ribose supplementation affects exercise capacity [114–119]. No known effects at dosages found in ED and ES. Beta Alanine Increases muscle carnosine levels, increases muscle buffering, and attenuates fatigue during high intensity exercise [120–124]. Growing scientific evidence of improved anaerobic capacity (2-4 g/d) [125–138]. No known effects at dosages found in ED and ES. Inositol Carbohydrate that is not classified as sugar.

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