Statin use at discharge decreased with increased renal impairment from 81% in eGFR stage 1 to 31% in eGFR stage 5. After adjusting for the propensity score and discharge medication, statin use was associated with a significant reduction in overall selleck chemicals llc risk of death (hazard ratio 0.63), with a statistically significant interaction between statin therapy and the stage of renal function. Thus, statin use at discharge was associated with improved 1-year survival of patients in stages 2-4 (mild-to-severe) of renal insufficiency. This effect appears attenuated

in those with stage 5 renal failure. Kidney International (2011) 79, 997-1004; doi:10.1038/ki.2010.524; published online 12 January 2011″
“We report an event-related brain potential (ERP) study examining how readers process

sentences containing anaphoric reference to quantified antecedents. Previous studies indicate that positive (e.g. many) and negative (e.g. not many) quantifiers cause readers to focus on different sets of entities. For example in Many of the fans attended see more the game, focus is on the fans who attended (the reference set), and subsequent pronominal reference to this set, as in, Their presence was a boost to the team, is facilitated. In contrast, if many is replaced by not many, focus shifts to the fans who did not attend (the complement set), and reference to this set, as in. Their absence was disappointing, is preferred. In the current studies, the electroencephalogram buy 3-deazaneplanocin A (EEG) was recorded while participants read positive or negative quantified statements followed by anaphoric reference to the reference set or complement set. Results showed that the pronoun their elicited a larger N400 following negative than positive quantifiers. There was also a larger N400 on the disambiguating word (presence/absence) for complement set reference following a positive quantifier, and for reference set reference following a negative quantifier. Findings are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of complement anaphora. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic

transplant dysfunction, a major impediment to long-term allograft survival, is caused by several factors including an ongoing alloimmune response termed chronic rejection. To define some of these factors further, we selected 107 patients mismatched to their donors from 623 patients transplanted at a single center. Patients were categorized according to their immunosuppressive treatment and further divided into those with stable or chronic allograft dysfunction. Donor human lymphocyte antigen allopeptide-specific T-cell lines were then generated from stable patients and those with biopsy-proven chronic allograft nephropathy. Increased amounts of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Treg-associated gene expression profiles were found in cell lines derived from the patients with stable compared with those with chronic allograft dysfunction.

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