The PSS-10 measures the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Items are designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) The degree of social support was measured

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) which measures participants’ own perception of social support. The questionnaire consists of 12 items relating to support from family, friends, or a significant other, and is rated on a 7-point Likert scale. It has good reliability, factorial validity as well as construct

validity [27]. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a 25-item questionnaire with each item scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The scale measures resilience based on five factors: (1) personal competence, high standards and tenacity; (2) trust in one’s own Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical instincts, tolerance of negative affect and strengthening effects of stress; (3) social support; (4) control and; (5) spiritual influences e.g. faith [28]. The scale has a range of 0–100, with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. It has good reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.89) and strong validity [28]. Data analysis The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical data were analysed using SPSS, version 20. Frequencies and score means were obtained for demographic variables, and reliability tests were conducted for each scale to obtain a Cronbach’s alpha value [29]. The normality distribution of the data was examined with BAY 73-4506 in vivo Kolmogorov-Smirnov Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tests. Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted to assess for differences based on PTSD status, on variables

of direct trauma exposure, depression, alcohol abuse, physical health symptoms, perceived stress, social Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical support and resilience. Logistic regression models were used to determine the predictive value of demographic characteristics and mental health measures on PTSD status. Gender, age, population group and level of exposure were entered into the first model, followed by the addition of depression, perceived stress and alcohol use or abuse in model 2 and the addition of perceived social support and resilience in model 3. Results Sample demographics Participants oxyclozanide were mainly of White (47%) and Coloured (33%; the term Coloured is a demographic marker that historically denotes South Africans of African, European and/or Asian ancestry) population groups and were predominantly male (64%). The mean age of participants were 22 (range: 17–39). The majority of participants were not married (92%). The demographic characteristics and prevalence of psychiatric disorders are presented in Table  1. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sample Data screening Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to determine the normality distribution of the data.

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