These results are consistent with the reduced levels of hippocampal endocannabinoids found after food restriction. Regarding the CB1 expression, AM251 induced specific changes focused in the CA1 stratum pyramidale of high-fat-diet-fed rats. These findings indicated that the cannabinoid antagonist AM251 modulates ECS-related proteins in the rat hippocampus in a

diet-specific FG 4592 manner. Overall, these results suggest that the hippocampal ECS participates in the physiological adaptations to different caloric diets. “
“The Rehabilitation Gaming System (RGS) has been designed as a flexible, virtual-reality (VR)-based device for rehabilitation of neurological patients. Recently, training of visuomotor processing with the RGS was shown to effectively improve arm function in acute and chronic stroke patients. It is assumed that the VR-based training protocol related to RGS creates conditions that aid recovery by virtue of the human mirror neuron system. Here, we provide evidence for this assumption by identifying the brain areas involved in controlling the catching of approaching colored balls in the virtual selleck screening library environment of the RGS. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of 18 right-handed healthy subjects (24 ± 3 years) in both active and imagination conditions. We observed that the imagery

of target catching was related to activation of frontal, parietal, temporal, cingulate and cerebellar regions. We interpret these activations in relation to object processing, attention, mirror mechanisms, and motor intention. Active catching followed an anticipatory mode, and resulted in significantly less activity in the motor control areas. Our results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis underlying RGS that this novel neurorehabilitation approach engages human mirror mechanisms that can be employed for visuomotor training. Rehabilitation of neurological patients is a major challenge. Given that

stroke is a primary cause of permanent disability (Mukherjee & Patil, 2011), there is a wide demand for rehabilitation of neurological deficits after stroke. Neurological deficits resulting from stroke differ in severity, owing to different IMP dehydrogenase lesion locations, lesion volumes, and times elapsed since stroke (Seitz & Donnan, 2010). In this regard, a training program of basic arm–hand functions has been developed that scales in difficulty relative to the severity of the individual stroke survivor’s deficit on a session-by-session basis (Platz et al., 2009). Furthermore, it is well established that a dosing effect associated with more intense rehabilitative training leads to better neurological outcomes (Hummelsheim et al., 1995; Kwakkel et al., 1999).

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