Time-locked epochs were then averaged, after rejecting epochs with unusually high or low levels of activity (±40% of the average blood flow velocity). The mean difference curve for left and right channels was corrected to give a mean value of zero over a baseline period of 10 sec prior to the presentation of the stimulus. An LI was calculated as the mean blood flow velocity difference in a 2 sec window centered on the peak difference value Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical during the period of interest. The period of interest was based on previous work (Bishop et al. 2009; Groen et al.

2011) and occurred during the speaking phase for the language production ABT-737 concentration paradigm (4–14 sec after onset Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the cue to speak) and the remembering phase for the visuospatial memory paradigm (20–35 sec after the start of the trial). A positive LI indicated greater left than right hemisphere activation, with a negative index signifying the reverse. For both paradigms, trials during which the participant was not “on task” (e.g., not paying attention, talking during the baseline) were excluded from the analysis. For the visuospatial memory paradigm trials used to calculate the LI were balanced in terms of response hand (i.e., the same number of trials responded to

with each hand Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were included). Only children who had at least 12 accepted epochs on a paradigm were included in the analysis. For children with data on both paradigms, the number of accepted epochs for the language production

paradigm (M= 18.29, SD= 2.83) and the visuospatial memory paradigm (M= 17.42, SD= 2.30) did Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not differ significantly (t(54) = 1.92, p= .060, r= .25). The number of trials included for a paradigm was not associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with age (language production: r(58) = .01, p= .957, visuospatial memory: r(57) = .07, p= .599). Results Mean activation plots for the two paradigms for the participant sample as a whole are shown in Figure 1. Children showed the expected pattern of cerebral lateralization for the two tasks. The LI for the language production paradigm was positive (M= 2.09, SD= 3.24, range = 6.31–7.77) and significantly different from zero, t(57) = 4.91, p < .001, Sodium butyrate r= .55, indicating lateralization to the left hemisphere at the group level. Conversely, for the visuospatial memory paradigm, the LI was negative (M=−1.68, SD= 3.01, range = 7.96–5.54) and significantly different from zero, t(56) =−4.22, p < .001, r= .49, indicating lateralization to the right hemisphere at the group level. Figure 1 Average baseline-corrected cerebral blood flow velocity for the left (black continuous line) and right (black dotted line) channels, and the difference between the two (gray broken line) over time for the language production (left panel) and the visuospatial …

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