Two Ca. glabrata, a Ca. famata and Ca. albicans as well as three C. neoformans, a C. laurentii and Ca. albicans isolates had three virulence factors. Accordingly, 29 center dot
3% (n = 34) isolates possessed more than two virulence factors except capsule formation.
Conclusions:
These results of this study indicate that feral pigeons harbour a variety of yeasts and are a reservoir of human pathogenic fungi.
Significance and Impact of the Study:
This study is the first time about the microflora (fungi) presents in faecal samples collected from a variety of public areas throughout Seoul, Korea.”
“In mammals, rewarding properties of drugs depend on their capacity to activate appetitive motivational states. With the underlying mechanisms strongly www.selleckchem.com/products/frax597.html conserved in evolution, invertebrates have recently emerged as a powerful new model in addiction research. In crayfish natural reward has proven surprisingly sensitive to human drugs of abuse, opening an unlikely avenue of research into the basic biological mechanisms of drug addiction. In a series of studies we first examined the presence of natural reward systems in crayfish, then characterized its sensitivity to a wide range of human drugs of abuse. A conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm was
used to demonstrate that crayfish seek out those environments that had previously been paired with the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine, and AZD1480 the opioid morphine. The administration Florfenicol of amphetamine exerted its effects at a number of sites, including the stimulation of circuits for active exploratory behaviors (i.e., SEEKING). A further study examined morphine-induced reward, extinction and reinstatement in crayfish. Repeated intra-circulatory infusions of morphine served as a reward when paired with distinct visual or tactile cues. Morphine-induced CPP
was extinguished after repeated saline injections. Following this extinction phase, morphine-experienced crayfish were once again challenged with the drug. The priming injections of morphine reinstated CPP at all tested doses, suggesting that morphine-induced CPP is unrelenting. In an exploration of drug-associated behavioral sensitization in crayfish we concurrently mapped measures of locomotion and rewarding properties of morphine. Single and repeated intra-circulatory infusions of morphine resulted in persistent locomotory sensitization, even 5 days following the infusion. Moreover, a single dose of morphine was sufficient to induce long-term behavioral sensitization. CPP for morphine and context-dependent cues could not be disrupted over a drug free period of 5 days.
This work demonstrates that crayfish offer a comparative and complementary approach in addiction research.
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