A case of phase error in the HIRLAM predictions of cyclonic development over Baltic Sea was spotted on 2.12.2009. This situation needs further analysis to identify the causes of the phase error. Nonetheless, it illustrates the potential of ASCAT measurements for identifying such a phase shift error over open sea areas and may help in the development of better deterministic models in the future. “
“In recent years extreme precipitation events have generated a lot of media attention. According to the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) selleck kinase inhibitor (Trenberth et al. 2007), the Earth’s surface temperature has been rising and that rise is accelerating.
In line with the characteristics of global temperature rise, Klein Tank et al. (2002) note that the European rate check details of change was also the highest in the last quarter of the 20th century. A warmer climate results in an increase in extreme weather events (Hennessy et al. 1997, Watterson 2005, Tebaldi 2006). This is partly because warmer air holds more water vapour, which is directly connected to the amount of precipitation (Trenberth 2003), and partly due to the increased energy budget. Even more so, Karl & Knight (1998) showed that extreme precipitation events are increasing at a relatively faster rate than moderate precipitation events. The same results are seen
in the study by Groisman et al. (1999), who showed that the changes in heavy precipitation are disproportionately high compared to the rise in the monthly mean. Extreme weather in turn causes great economic damage (Nutter 1999): extreme precipitation events cause floods, mudflows and erosion. Significant increasing trends in Estonian air temperature (1951–2000) were found not only
for the cold season monthly means but also for the whole cold period (NDJFM) by Jaagus (2006). As a rule, however, the trends in monthly mean precipitation differ from station to station, displaying no clear tendency to rise or fall in any month or season (Jaagus 2006). Researchers investigating Estonian precipitation extremes have obtained contradictory results. Tammets (2007) found that the annual number of the sum of extreme wet and dry Prostatic acid phosphatase days indicated a rising trend of extremes in the precipitation regime of Estonia in 1957–2006. Merilain & Post (2006) and Mätlik & Post (2008) investigated heavy precipitation (> = 50 mm per 24 h) events recorded at Estonian stations in 1961–2005 but did not find any conspicuous trend in the number of events. One reason for the different conclusions lies in the different definition of extremely wet days: 50 mm for daily precipitation is a very high threshold for the Estonian climate and does not provide a sufficient number of cases for proper statistical study. Moreover, there are stations where 50 mm was not exceeded in the period under investigation.
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