This is the first report to examine the effects of WT1 splice variants on tumorigenic activity using an ovarian cancer mouse model. We established stable SKOV3ip1 cell lines overexpressing each of the four WT1 variants (− 17AA/− KTS, + 17AA/− KTS, − 17AA/+ KTS, or + 17AA/+ KTS) using lentiviral constructs and found that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumor growth, dissemination, and ascite production and shortened survival. We also found that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS induced the expression of VEGF and that anti-VEGF antibody inhibited the tumor growth and ascites formation enhanced by WT1 − 17AA/− KTS overexpression.

Collectively, these data indicated that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS enhanced tumorigenicity through up-regulation of VEGF and induced cellular transform into a more aggressive phenotype in ovarian HDAC inhibitor cancers. The WT1 gene was initially identified as a tumor buy TSA HDAC suppressor gene due to its inactivation in Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma), the most common pediatric kidney tumor [33]. However, recent findings have shown that WT1

acts as an oncogene in some tumors, including ovarian cancers [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. Several studies have reported that the four WT1 splice variants have different functions in various cancers. For example, WT1 − 17AA/− KTS has been shown to induce morphological changes and promote cell migration and invasion in ovarian cancer (TYK) cells [20]. In mammary cells, WT1 + 17AA/+ KTS causes a morphological transition from an epithelial to a more mesenchymal phenotype [25]. Our in vivo data showed no difference in histological findings in cells expressing each of the four WT1 variants ( Figure 2B). We also examined the function of WT1 splice variants on cell invasion in vitro using SKOV3ip1 cells transduced with lentiviral constructs

containing an empty (control) vector or each WT1 variant. All isoforms enhanced cell invasion compared with the control, and there was no significant difference among each of the four WT1 splice variants Methamphetamine (data not shown). Our in vivo data showed that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumor growth, dissemination, and ascite production in ovarian cancers. This result was consistent with a previous study demonstrating that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increases tumor growth through EGR-1 up-regulation in adenovirus-transformed baby rat kidney (AdBRK) cells in vivo [32]. In contrast, several studies have shown that WT1 variants act as tumor suppressors. WT1 − 17AA/–KTS and + 17AA/− KTS suppress the invasive ability of lung cancer cells by regulating p21 expression  [34]. Moreover, WT1 − 17AA/− KTS suppresses proliferation and induces a G2-phase cell cycle arrest in mammary epithelial cells [25]. Thus, each of the four WT1 variants has distinct functions depending on the cancer type. Our data suggested that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumorigenic activity and acted as an oncogene in ovarian cancers.

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