cochrane.org), www.selleckchem.com/products/Belinostat.html United States Public Health Service (USPHS) (Fiore et al., 2008), United Kingdom (West, McNeill, & Raw, 2000), or Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (www.treatobacco.net) reviews. We limited our search to RCTs of proven treatments so that we could compare effect sizes of treatment when both PA and PP were used. We limited our analysis to trials of medications because their assessment methods appear to be more homogenous across trials than those for psychosocial treatments. Validated pharmacotherapies were bupropion, clonidine, nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), nortriptyline, and varenicline. Second, the study had to report both PA and PP results using the same sample size. Third, it had to be a study only of adults, that is, not a study of adolescent smokers because their smoking may be less stable and require different measures (Mermelstein et al.
, 2002). Fourth, the study had to be of smokers who were actively trying to initiate abstinence, for example, not a study of inducing quit attempts in those not ready to quit, nor a study of reduction only, nor a study of relapse prevention in those already abstinent. Fifth, the sample could not be of a special population, for example, not a study of pregnant smokers. Sixth, the study had to report PP and PA from follow-ups at least 6 months from the quit date because PA and PP abstinence rates usually do not stabilize till then (Hughes, Keely, & Naud, 2004). Seventh, since our analyses required detailed data, it could not be an abstract or brief report.
Eighth, we excluded studies whose PP had a duration of >7 days to prevent blurring of the PA/PP distinction, that is, an exceptionally long period of PP could be redefined as PA. Non-English studies were not excluded but none met our inclusion criteria. When multiple medication conditions (e.g., multiple doses) were tested against a placebo or control, or when medication was tested under different psychosocial conditions within a single study, we calculated an effect size for each active versus placebo/control Dacomitinib comparison; thus, the number of comparisons is greater than the number of studies because a single control group could be used in multiple comparisons. When multiple outcomes were reported in a study (e.g., with and without biochemical verification or 6 and 12 month follow-ups), we used the longest and most stringent outcome. The first author identified studies that appeared to be relevant based on an initial reading of results and the second author examined these studies to verify appropriateness for inclusion. Data extraction The first and second authors independently coded all studies, compared ratings, and came to an agreement. On several occasions, we contacted authors to clarify outcomes.
No related posts.