During years 2004 and 2006 the maps show that populations placed

During years 2004 and 2006 the maps show that populations placed on the Northwest, at higher altitudes, contribute the most to the higher poaceae pollen concentration in the air (Figures (Figures66 and and8).8). On the contrary, during year 2005, populations placed on the south, at lower altitudes, contribute our website the most to the hightest poaceae pollen concentration in the air, recorded during the week from April 29th to May 05th (Figure 7). Nonetheless, populations placed in the north area seem to contribute to high concentrations registered during subsequent weeks, as well.Figure 6Phenological maps. Year 2004.Figure 7Phenological maps. Year 2005.Figure 8Phenological maps. Year 2006.4. DiscussionMost phenomena show, as an inherent feature, a high degree of spatial continuity Moral [21].

In ecological research, there are many instances where it is necessary to interpolate among spatially stratified samples which is the reason because in last years GISs and geostatistics are being applied to environmental studies such as entomology [9] plant distribution [13, 24], and general ecology [25] with excellent results.Traditionally plant flowering phenological studies have been focused on changes through time. Patterns across space remain largely unexplored. Only few works have developed models in terms of both space and time [26�C28]. In the present paper the working hypothesis that starting from several sampling points randomly distributed through the city and the Sierra Norte of C��rdoba we would be able to obtain valuable phenological information of V. geniculata was confirmed.

By using georeferenced data, phenological maps of a given area can be constructed. Kriged estimates were subsequently used to map phenological variations to visualize changes through the space. The present work indicates that V.geniculata phenology is highly associated to altitude and topographic situation.In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in phenology as an indicator AV-951 of global climate change effects, particularly during spring months [29, 30]. In this context, located plant phenology data and phenological maps provide real data as how the climate affects the phenology of plants and their possible adaptations to new climate scenarios [5, 31]. Systematic future measurement of floral phenology in located points could provide extended maps that would offer valuable information about the biological impacts of climate change on different species.In relation to the use of validated phenological maps constructed by interpolation we can conclude that the obtained maps are a valuable tool to interpret grass airborne pollen concentrations registered in Cordoba.

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