In Fig. 1, we depicted possible interactions between HSCs and immune cells during liver diseases, especially liver fibrosis.
Several types of immune cells have protective roles, but the others have opposite effects on liver fibrosis. Certain types of immune cells such as NKT, macrophages, and Th17 cells have dual roles in liver fibrogenesis. Therefore, further investigations are needed to identify more specific functions of each cell type, thereby providing therapeutic targets or developing cell-based therapies for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (no. 2011–008306) and the KAIST High Risk High Return Volasertib mw Project (HRHRP). No conflict of interest exists for all authors. “
“Metabolic factors have been associated with JNK animal study liver damage in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C
(G1 CHC). We tested visceral adiposity index (VAI), a new marker of adipose dysfunction in G1 CHC, patients to assess its association with host and viral factors and its link to both histological findings and sustained virological response (SVR). Two hundred thirty-six consecutive G1 CHC patients were evaluated by way of liver biopsy and anthropometric and metabolic measurements, including insulin resistance (IR), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and VAI using waist circumference, body
mass index, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All biopsies were scored by one pathologist for staging and grading and graded for steatosis, which was considered moderate to severe if ≥30%. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that VAI score was independently associated with higher HOMA score (P = 0.009), log10 hepatitis C virus RNA levels (P = 0.01), necroinflammatory medroxyprogesterone activity (P = 0.04), and steatosis (P = 0.04). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that IR (OR 3.879, 95% CI 1.727-8.713, P = 0.001), higher VAI score (OR 1.472, 95% CI 1.051-2.062, P = 0.02), and fibrosis (OR 2.255, 95% CI 1.349-3.768, P = 0.002) were linked to steatosis ≥30%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (OR 1.030, 95% CI 1.002-1.059, P = 0.03), higher VAI score (OR 1.618, 95% CI 1.001-2.617, P = 0.04), and fibrosis (OR 2.608, 95% CI 1.565-4.345, P < 0.001) were independently associated with moderate to severe necroinflammatory activity. No independent associations were found between VAI score and both fibrosis and SVR. Conclusion: In G1 CHC patients, higher VAI score is independently associated with both steatosis and necroinflammatory activity and has a direct correlation with viral load. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.) Metabolic factors, namely steatosis and insulin resistance (IR), are frequent findings in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (G1 CHC).
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