Look-back procedures should also be used to reveal and confirm transfusion-transmitted infections and the potential risk they present for transmission via pdCFCs [99]. Efforts need to be taken at a policy level to improve global collaboration between government officials and clinicians. This partnership will be essential to define emergency see more strategies for pathogen outbreaks in the future.

The creation of a long-term, international pharmacovigilance system to monitor pathogen safety and quality issues related to new and existing pdCFCs and recombinant products is also required to assess and improve their safety [76]. The EUHASS project, a European, prospective, multicentre adverse event reporting scheme, has been established with the objective of improving pharmacovigilance [100]. Extensive progress has been made in improving

viral inactivation processes CP-868596 ic50 for plasma products since the epidemics of the 1970s and 1980s. Due to improvements in their manufacturing processes, pdCFCs now have a strong safety record and a very low risk of transfusion-mediated infection with HBV, HCV and HIV. Today, blood derivatives can be considered reasonably safe, and free of classical pathogens (HIV, HBV, HCV) for which extensive screening is in place. However, the threat of emerging pathogens, both known and unknown, is still relevant to current clinical practice. Certain pathogens that are resistant to virucidal processes, such as non-enveloped viruses and prions, also remain a concern. Recombinant CFCs are considered to have a lower risk of transmitting infectious agents than Verteporfin cell line pdCFCs, particularly those products which do not contain

any exogenous animal or human components [89]. However, due to increasing demand and cost restraints, especially in developing countries, pdCFCs are likely to continue to be used. It is therefore vital that the pathogen safety and quality of pdCFCs continue to be monitored to identify and manage any emerging pathogens which have the potential to threaten the safety of pdCFCs in the future. This is particularly relevant in view of the fact that some clotting factors are still only available in a plasma-derived form. The authors thank Professor Brian Colvin for his valuable assistance in the development of the scientific content of this article. The authors also thank Andreas Tiede for his help in the development of their slides for the Global Summit. Lassila, R. received honoraria/consultation fees from: Alexion, Baxter, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, Leo Pharma, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sanquin and SOBI; Perno, C-F. received grants/research support from: Janssen, Merck Sharp and Dohme and ViiV Healthcare. Received honoraria/consultation fees from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Janssen, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Pfizer, Roche and ViiV Healthcare.

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