We realized that a higher dose GANT61 supplier was needed to inhibit
different cancer cell growth, but this was within the range of those reported by others and showed no toxicity [21, 22, 24]. Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis is regulated by a large number of molecules. In our study, we found that activation of p38α MAPK, but not ERK1/2, was mediated the effect of BBR on cell cycle arrest and induction of p53 and FOXO3a protein expression. Of notes, we demonstrated the unique role of p38α isoform played in this process, whether other p38 isoforms, such as p38γ or p38δ MAPK were also involved in this response required to be determined in the future studies. Consistent with this, the role of p38 MAPK pathway in mediating the cancer cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis has been established and reported [25–27]. The p38 MAPK pathway negatively regulated cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Inactivation of the p38 pathway enhanced cellular transformation and rendered mice prone to tumor development with concurrent disruption of the induction of senescence. Conversely, persistent activation of p38 selleck chemical inhibited tumorigenesis, AZD5153 nmr suggesting a tumor-suppressing function of the p38 pathway [25]. Our results suggested that
activation of p38 MAPK was required in mediating the effect of BBR on induction of tumor suppressors p53 and FOXO3a, and lung cancer cell cycle arrest. Note that activation of ERK/12 by BBR played no role in this process, which were different or even opposite reported by others [28, 29]. The (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate discrepancy remained
unclear; different cell lines and culture conditions may account for this, which needs to be determined with more experiments in the future. The cross-talk between ERK and p38 signaling pathways was reported in other studies [30, 31]. However, in this study we have not observed this link. Thus, more experiments may require to confirm this. In this study, we demonstrated the important role of tumor suppressor p53 in mediating the effect of BBR on cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest, which were consistent with other studies [24, 32] suggesting that a p53-dependent pathway was required in this process. Tumor suppressor p53 plays a significant role in the regulation of cell growth, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in various cancers [33, 34]. p53 controls both the G2/M and the G1 cell cycle checkpoints and mediates reversible growth arrest in human fibroblasts [35]. Increased expression of wild-type p53 arrested cells late in the G1 stage of the cell cycle by stimulating the synthesis of inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase p21 (CIP1/WAF1) [35]. Consistent with this, we found that BBR increased p21 protein expression in human lung cancer A549 cells, which was eliminated (not observed) in cells silencing of p53 gene.
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