All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction With advanced technique development in treatments MRT67307 of LSCC, radiotherapy is superior in its ability to conserve function in the treatment of initial laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). However, because of laryngeal cancer radiation resistance, which result in the low effectiveness and high recurrence when treated with radiotherapy alone [1, 2]. So it is important significance to improve the LSCC radiosensitivity. Hep-2 cells, or laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines,

are helpful in studying the biological behavior of LSCC. In the latest study, Hep-2 cells were found to be resistant to radiotherapy [3]. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by impaired recognition and repair of DNA damage and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in cancer, and neurodegeneration [4]. The cytotoxicity of ionizing radiation is mainly mediated through the generation of DNA-double strand

break (DSB) as evidenced by the pronounced radiosensitivity of cells and organisms defective in the machinery of DSB repair[5–7]. find more Thus, restraint of DSB repair Go6983 supplier reveals a mechanism to enhance the cytotoxicity of IR in tumour cells. ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) is a key protein responsible for arresting the cell cycle in response to DNA damage and has a role in genetic stability and cancer susceptibility [8–10]. ATM protects the integrity of the genome at different levels: (1) it mediates arrest of the cell cycle at G1/S, S, and Baf-A1 G2/M to prevent the processing of damaged DNA; (2) it activates DNA-repair pathways; and (3) it induces apoptosis if the DNA damage is so detrimental that normal cell function can no longer be rescued [11–15]. Zou and colleagues have shown that antisense inhibition of ATM gene enhances the radiosensitivity of head and neck squamous

cell carcinoma in mice [16, 17]. Sak A reported that the kinase activity of DNA-PKcs could be specifically inhibited by As-ODNs and resulted in marked inhibition of DNA-Dsb rejoining and radiosensitization of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line [18]. Leonard CE’s study showed that the Paclitaxel could enhance the radiosensitivity of squamous carcinoma cell line of the head and neck in vitro [19]. However, there were no reports about the antisense oligodeoxynucleotides of ATM strengthening radio-induced apoptosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma grown in nude mice. Therefore, we designed to study whether reduction of ATM expression after antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) treatment would result in enhanced radio-induced apoptosis of Hep-2 cells from BALB/c-nu/nu mice. Methods Reagents Lipofectamine 2000, Opti-MEM I medium and Trizol kit were bought from Invitrogen Company (Carlsbad, CA, USA), and anti-GAPDH Monoclonal Antibody from SAB (Beijing, China).

Acknowledgements This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea P505-15 ic50 (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2009–0093817 and 2013R1A1A2010595). SH acknowledges the support from the NRF grant (H-GUARD 2013M3A6B2078961). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: AFM images showing the

morphology of SWCNTs. (DOCX 601 KB) References 1. Iijima S: Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991, 354:56–58.CrossRef 2. Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS, Avouris P: Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications. Berlin: Springer; 2001.CrossRef 3. Meng L, Fu C, Lu Q: Advanced technology for functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Prog Nat Sci 2009, 19:801–810.CrossRef 4. Nakashima N: Soluble carbon nanotubes: fundamentals and applications. Int J Nanosci 2005, 4:119–137.CrossRef 5. Zheng M, Jagota A, Strano MS, Santos AP, Barone P, Chou SG, Diner BA, Dresselhaus MS, Mclean RS, Onoa GB, Samsonidze GG, Semke ED, Usrey M, Walls

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MS: The rational design of nitric oxide selectivity in single-walled carbon nanotubes near-infrared fluorescence sensors for biological detection. Nat Chem 2009, 1:473–481.CrossRef 9. Satishkumar BC, Brown LO, Gao Y, Wang C-C, Wang H-L, Doorn SK: Reversible fluorescence quenching in carbon nanotubes for biomolecular sensing. Nat Nanotechnol 2007, 2:560–564.CrossRef 10. Cha T-G, Baker BA, Sauffer MD, Salgago J, Jaroch D, Rickus JL, Porterfield DM, Choi JH: Optical nanosensor architecture for cell-signaling molecules using DNA aptamer-coated carbon nanotubes. ACS Nano 2011, 5:4236–4244.CrossRef 11. Yang R, Tang Z, Yan J, Kang H, Kim Y, Zhu Z, Tan W: Noncovalent assembly of carbon nanotubes and single-stranded DNA: an effective sensing platform for probing biomolecular interactions. Anal Chem 2008, 80:7408–7413.CrossRef many 12. Chen Z, Tabakman SM, Goodwin AP, Kattah MG, Daranciang D, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Utz PJ, Jiang K, Fan S, Dai H: Protein microarrays with carbon nanotubes as multicolor Raman labels. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:1285–1292.CrossRef 13. Ignatova T, Najafov H, Ryasnyansky A, Biaggio I, Zheng M, Rotkin SV: Significant FRET between SWNT/DNA and rare earth ions: a signature of their selleck inhibitor spatial correlations. ACS Nano 2011, 5:6052–6059.CrossRef 14. Brege JJ, Gallaway C, Barron AR: Fluorescence quenching of single-walled carbon nanotubes with transition-metal ions.

Over the years, detection of these protozoa has been a challenge. Beginning from examination of small or large bowel

biopsy material to different staining techniques and their modifications, several methods have been adopted. Many of these techniques are cumbersome and time consuming. Moreover, some protozoa can GS-1101 supplier be missed out by using just one method. Therefore, rapid and sensitive techniques are needed to give an early diagnosis of these protozoal infections as the results can influence therapeutic intervention. To the best of our knowledge this study is the first of its kind from India in which we did a comprehensive evaluation of different techniques for the identification of the opportunistic enteric protozoa. The study group comprised of patients hailing from rural families of lower economic status [2]. Therefore, RG7112 solubility dmso this study was designed to compare direct microscopy, modified formol ether concentration, staining methods, fluorescent microscopy and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) on the basis of the following attributes: yield, cost, time taken, expertise and infrastructure. Methods This study was conducted from January 2006 to December 2008 in the Department of Microbiology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India. The Institute ethical committee clearance was obtained to conduct the study. Study

cases A total of 450 stool samples of known HIV positive patients who complained of diarrhea were collected from the Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART)

centre of SS Hospital and Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre (ICTC), IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India. The samples were collected from the patients as and when they reported and they were duly informed about their samples being used for research purpose to which they agreed. Some of these patients were on HAART. Subjects who were HIV negative and without diarrhea were not included in the study. Controls Family members of the HIV patients coming from the same environmental background who were HIV negative and had diarrhea were chosen as controls. We collected stool samples from 200 such subjects. Direct microscopic examination Stool samples were collected in wide-mouthed disposable containers and processed immediately. Cetuximab supplier If there was a delay in the processing of the samples, they were preserved at 4°C. The samples were divided into three parts. The first part was subjected to direct microscopic examination. With the help of an applicator stick the stool sample was selleck inhibitor emulsified in a drop of saline on a clean dry slide and in a drop of lugols iodine on another slide. These were covered with cover slips and observed under the microscope at 400× magnification for the detection of ova and cysts. Modified formol ether concentration The second part of the samples was concentrated by Modified formol ether technique [3].

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på lindar Södermanlands, Uppsala och Västmanlands län. Rapport, länsstyreslen i Västmanlands län, Västerås Koch K (1989–1992) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas.

Ökologie. GW2580 Band 1–3. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld Leps J, Smilauer P (2003) Multivariate analysis of ecological Nec-1s price data using CANOCO. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeCrossRef Lundberg S, Gustafsson B (1995) Catalogus Coleopterorum Sueciae. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm Oleksa A, Ulrich W, Gawronski R (2006) Occurrence of the marbled rose-chafer (Protaetia lugubris Herbst, Coleoptera, Cetoniidae) in rural avenues in northern Poland. J Insect Conserv 10:241–247CrossRef Palm T (1959) Die Holz-und Rindenkäfer der süd-und mittelschwedischen Laubbäume. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum 16:1–374 Raab B, Vedin H (1995) Climate, lakes and rivers. National atlas of Sweden, Bra Böcker, Höganäs Ranius T (2007) Endonuclease Extinction risks in metapopulations of a beetle inhabiting hollow trees predicted from time series. Ecography 30:716–726CrossRef Ranius T, Jansson N (2000) The influence of forest regrowth, original canopy cover and tree size on saproxylic beetles associated with old oaks. Biol Conserv 95:85–94CrossRef Ranius T, Niklasson M, Berg N (2009) Development of tree hollows in penduculate oak (Quercus robur). For Ecol Manag 257:303–310CrossRef Ranius T, Johansson V, Fahrig L (2010) A comparison of patch connectivity measures using data on invertebrates in hollow oaks. Ecography 33:971–978CrossRef Sernander R (1926) Stockholms natur. Almqvist

& Wiksells förlag, Uppsala Slotte H (1997) P005091 molecular weight Hamling–historisk tillbakablick och råd för naturvårdare (Pollarding – a look back on its history, and advice to nature conservationists). Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 91:1–21 Sörensson M (2008) AHA–en enkel metod for prioritering av vedentomologiska naturvärden hos träd i sydsvenska park-och kulturmiljöer (AHA – a simple method for evaluating conservation priorities of trees in South Swedish parks and urban areas from an entomo-saproxylic viewpoint). Entomologisk Tidskrift 129:81–90 Speight MCD (1989) Saproxylic invertebrates and their conservation. Council of Europe, Strasbourg Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Skarpaas O, Ødegaard F (2010) Hollow oaks and beetle conservation: the significance of the surroundings.

Prostate 2010,70(8):817–824.see more PubMedCrossRef 14. Papadimitraki ED, Tzardi M, Bertsias G, Sotsiou E, Boumpas DT: Glomerular expression of toll-like receptor-9 in lupus nephritis but not in normal kidneys: implications for the amplification of the inflammatory response. Lupus 2009,18(9):831–835.PubMedCrossRef 15. Summers SA, Steinmetz OM, Ooi JD, Gan PY, O’Sullivan KM, Visvanathan K, Akira S, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR: Toll-like receptor 9 enhances nephritogenic immunity and glomerular leukocyte recruitment, exacerbating experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 2010,177(5):2234–2244.PubMedCrossRef 16. Summers SA, Hoi A, Steinmetz OM, Tanespimycin ic50 O’Sullivan KM, Ooi JD, Odobasic D,

Akira S, Kitching AR, Holdsworth SR: TLR9 and TLR4 are required for the development of STI571 supplier autoimmunity and lupus nephritis in pristane nephropathy. J Autoimmun 2010,35(4):291–298.PubMedCrossRef 17. Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Drucker BJ, Urba WJ, Bukowski RM: Safety and efficacy of PF-3512676 for the treatment of stage IV renal cell carcinoma: an open-label, multicenter phase I/II study. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2009,7(3):E58–65.PubMedCrossRef 18. Ronkainen H, Vaarala MH, Kauppila S, Soini Y, Paavonen TK, Rask J, Hirvikoski P: Increased BTB-Kelch type substrate adaptor protein immunoreactivity associates with advanced stage

and poor differentiation in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2009,21(6):1519–1523.PubMed 19. Ronkainen H, Hirvikoski P, Kauppila S, Vaarala MH: Anillin expression is a marker of favourable prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2011,25(1):129–133.PubMed 20. UICC: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 6. Wiley & Sons, New York; 2002. 21. IARC: Tumours OSBPL9 of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. IARC Press, Lyon; 2004. 22. Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Rahko E, Vuopala KS, Desmond R, Lehenkari PP, Harris KW, Selander KS: Toll-like receptor-9 expression is inversely correlated with estrogen receptor status in breast cancer. J Innate

Immun 2008,1(1):59–68.PubMedCrossRef 23. Gonzalez-Reyes S, Marin L, Gonzalez L, Gonzalez LO, del Casar JM, Lamelas ML, Gonzalez-Quintana JM, Vizoso FJ: Study of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 in breast carcinomas and their association with metastasis. BMC Cancer 2010, 10:665.PubMedCrossRef 24. Tanaka J, Sugimoto K, Shiraki K, Tameda M, Kusagawa S, Nojiri K, Beppu T, Yoneda K, Yamamoto N, Uchida K, Kojima T, Takei Y: Functional cell surface expression of toll-like receptor 9 promotes cell proliferation and survival in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Int J Oncol 2010,37(4):805–814.PubMedCrossRef 25. Brignole C, Marimpietri D, Di Paolo D, Perri P, Morandi F, Pastorino F, Zorzoli A, Pagnan G, Loi M, Caffa I, Erminio G, Haupt R, Gambini C, Pistoia V, Ponzoni M: Therapeutic targeting of TLR9 inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2010,70(23):9816–9826.PubMedCrossRef 26.

Therefore, it caused the resonant wavelength of the alloy nanodisk blueshifts. Moreover, the work function of Au/Ag composite is reported to monotonically decrease with

the increase of the Ag composition [34]. Based on a previous study [23], the work function will play a role on Ag/ZnO nanorods’ PL emission: with lower work function, the band alignments favor carriers to overcome the metal/ZnO interface barrier. This factor will further assist the PL emission enhancement in annealed Au/Ag nanodisk/ZnO nanorod system. Figure 6 Aligned ZnO nanorods and TEM image of Ag/Au nanodisks. (a) Aligned ZnO nanorods with PMMA-filled inter-space. Scale bar = 100 nm. (b) TEM image of Ag/Au nanodisks on top of ZnO nanorods. Scale bar = 100 nm. Figure 7 PL and absorption spectra of OSI-027 samples. (a) PL spectra under 325-nm laser excitation for samples annealed at 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C. (b) Absorption spectra for these samples. Conclusion In conclusion, Au and Ag hybrid nanodisk structures were formed on the top end BTSA1 solubility dmso surface of ZnO nanorods. By varying the rapid annealing temperatures, the composite nanodisks’ structure changed drastically. The core-shell and alloy Au/Ag nanodisks were achieved

and characterized, while their formation mechanisms were discussed. The composite nanodisks’ effect on tuning the ZnO nanorods’ PL properties was further carried out. It has been Cilengitide datasheet found that with higher annealing temperature the PL intensity from ZnO becomes stronger,

which is attributed to the shift of resonant wavelength due to composition change in the plasmonic nanodisks. Acknowledgements The authors thank the financial support from the National Science Foundation of China under the contract number 11204097. References 1. Mark D, Haeberle S, Roth G, Stetten FV, Zengerle R: Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip platforms: requirements, characteristics and applications. Chem Soc Re 2010, 39:1153–1182.CrossRef 2. Barth JV, Costantini G, Kern K: Engineering atomic and molecular nanostructures at surfaces. Nature 2005, 437:671–679.CrossRef 3. Alivisatos AP: Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 1996, 271:933–937.CrossRef 4. Yao J, Yan H, Lieber CM: A nanoscale combing technique for the large-scale assembly of highly aligned aminophylline nanowires. Nature Nanotechnol 2013, 8:329–335.CrossRef 5. Reed MA, Randall JN, Aggarwal RJ, Matyi RJ, Moore TM, Wetsel AE: Observation of discrete electronic states in a zero-dimensional semiconductor nanostructure. Phys Rev Lett 1988, 60:535–537.CrossRef 6. Kamat PV: Meeting the clean energy demand: nanostructure architectures for solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem C 2007, 111:2834–2860.CrossRef 7. Tao AR, Habas S, Yang PD: Shape control of colloidal metal nanocrystals. Small 2008, 4:310–325.CrossRef 8. Jain PK, Huang XH, El-Sayed IH, El-Sayed MA: Noble metals on the nanoscale: optical and photothermal properties and some applications in imaging, sensing, biology, and medicine.

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10. Taanman JW: The mitochondrial genome: structure, transcription, translation and replication. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999, 1410: 103–123.PubMedCrossRef 11. Navaglia F, Basso D, Fogar P, Sperti C, Greco E, Zambon CF, Stranges A, Falda A, Pizzi S, Parenti A, Pedrazzoli S, Plebani M: Mitochondrial DNA D-loop in pancreatic cancer: somatic mutations are epiphenomena while the germline 16519 T variant worsens metabolism and outcome. Am J Clin Pathol 2006, 126: 593–601.PubMedCrossRef 12. Wang L, Bamlet WR, de Andrade M, Boardman LA, Cunningham JM, Thibodeau SN, Petersen GM: Mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007, 16: 1455–1459.PubMedCrossRef 13. Wang L, McDonnell SK, Hebbring SJ, Cunningham JM, St Sauver J, Cerhan JR, Isaya G, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau

SN: Polymorphisms in mitochondrial genes and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008, 17: 3558–3566.PubMedCrossRef 14. Bai RK, Leal SM, Covarrubias D, Liu A, Wong LJ: Mitochondrial genetic background modifies breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 2007, 67: 4687–4694.PubMedCrossRef 15. Lee HC, Li SH, Lin JC, Wu CC, Yeh DC, Wei YH: Somatic see more mutations in the D-loop and decrease in the copy number of mitochondrial DNA in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Mutant Res 2004, 547: 71–78. 16. Stoneking M: Hypervariable sites in the mtDNA control region are mutational hotspots. Am J Hum Genet 2000, 67: 1029–1032.PubMedCrossRef 17. Bandy B, Davision AJ: Mitochondrial mutations may increase oxidtaive stress: implications for carcinogenesis and aging? Free Radic Biol Med 1990, 8: 523–539.PubMedCrossRef 18. Gille JJ, Joenje H: Cell culture models for oxidative

stress: Superoxide and hydrogen peroxidative versus normobaric Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase heperoxia. Mutat Res 1992, 275: 405–414.PubMed 19. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN: Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91: 10771–10778.PubMedCrossRef 20. Dement GA, Maloney SC, Reeves R: Nuclear HMGA1 nonhistone chromatin proteins directly influence mitochondrial transcription, maintenance, and function. Exp Cell Res 2007, 313: 77–87.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions RZ and RW contributed to PD0332991 purchase experimental design, data acquisition and analyses. FZ, CW and FHY contributed to experimental design, specimen collection, and data acquisition.

Human astrocyte cells were used as a normal control. A total of 47 paraffin-embedded primary tumors and 11 normal brain tissue (internal decompression in cerebral trauma) GF120918 price samples and used for semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunostaining had been obtained from 58 patients (30 female and 28 male patients; median age of 45.5 with a range of 11 to 74 years) undergoing curative surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Suzhou, China). A total of 26 tumor biopsy specimens and 7 corresponding normal brain tissue samples stored in liquid nitrogen (14 female and 19 male patients; median age of 47.4

with a range of 13 to this website 79 years) had also been obtained earlier from patients undergoing curative surgery at click here the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Suzhou, China) with informed consent. Clinical stage was judged according to the 2007 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous

system [16]. The use of all clinical materials in this study was approved by individual institutional Ethical Committees. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples Serum samples were obtained with written informed consent from 8 healthy individuals and from 12 spongioblastomas, 6 low-grade gliomas, and 20 benign tumor patients in their neuronal system, i.e. the pituitary tumor, meningioma, nerve sheath tumor, and acoustic nerve tumor. The median age of these samples (20 males and 26 females) was 50.1 with a range of 26 to 79 years. Cerebral fluid samples from a total of 36 cancer patients and 6 healthy control individuals were also selected with informed consent from 26 males and 16 females (median Fossariinae age of 48.9 with a range of 26 to 79 years). These 36 cancer cases included 14 spongioblastomas, 11 low-grade gliomas, and 11 patients with benign tumor in the neuronal system (pituitary tumor, meningioma,

nerve sheath tumor, acoustic nerve tumor, etc.). The serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples in this study were obtained at the time of diagnosis, centrifuged, and the supernatants were stored in liquid nitrogen. RNA preparation and cDNA synthesis Total cellular RNAs from cell lines and tissues were extracted and purified by using the Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Inc.) according to the protocol of the supplier. Before RNA extraction, individual tissue samples were preexamined by frozen section histologic examination to document the histopathologic appearance of the specimen. About 10 μg total RNA from each sample was reversely transcribed to single-stranded cDNAs using random hexamers (Shanghai Sangon, Inc.) as primer and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Inc.).

Unknown ORFs were analysed using InterProScan http://​www.​ebi.​ac.​uk/​InterProScan/​, [71]] to locate motifs or domains where similarity with known proteins was low or absent. Size and total % GC content was determined using

the GC-Profile program [[72], http://​tubic.​tju.​edu.​cn/​GC-Profile/​]. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses were conducted using genetic-distance-based neighbour-joining algorithms within MEGA version 4.0 [[73], http://​www.​megasoftware.​net/​] Nucleotide sequence accession numbers The DNA sequences described in this article have been assigned the accession numbers listed in Table 3. Acknowledgements MPR was funded was provided by a Postgraduate bursary from the Chemical and Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick. We would like to thank the reviewers for their useful suggestions. Electronic see more Vorinostat nmr supplementary material Additional file 1: Alignment of the conserved domains

among the site-specific recombinases of the tyrosine integrase family. Alignment of the conserved domains among the site-specific recombinases of the tyrosine integrase family from phages, conjugative transposons, plasmids and other sources. R (Arginine) being in Domain I and H (Histidine)-R-Y (Tyrosine) in Domain II. (PDF 34 KB) Additional file 2: Phylogenetic tree of the Integrase proteins from Tn 4371 -like integrases available on the GenBank database and other Phage and ICE integrases. Phylogenetic tree of the Integrase proteins from available Tn4371-like integrases available on the GenBank database and other Phage and ICE integrases. Cluster analysis was based upon the neighbour joining method. Numbers at branch-points are Small molecule library manufacturer percentages

of 1000 bootstrap resamplings that support the topology of the tree. The scale bar represents 0.2 substitutions per nucleotide position. (PDF 42 KB) Additional file 3: Gene numbers for genes in the elements discovered in this study. The gene numbering for genes of the elements discovered in this study. Genes with yellow background are the scaffold genes of the element. (XLS 146 KB) Additional file 4: Alignment of Janus kinase (JAK) the first/last 200 bp of Tn 4371 -like ICEs using ClustalW. Fig S1a: Alignment of the first 200 bp of Tn4371-like ICEs using ClustalW. Fig S1b: Alignment of the last 200 bp of I Tn4371-like ICEs using ClustalW. (PDF 80 KB) References 1. Toussaint A, Merlin C: Mobile elements as a combination of functional modules. Plasmid 2002, 47:26–35.CrossRefPubMed 2. Burrus V, Pavlovic G, Decaris B, Guédon G: Conjugative transposons: the tip of the iceberg. Mol Microbiol 2002, 46:601–610.CrossRefPubMed 3. Churchward G: Conjugative transposons and related mobile elements. Mobile DNA II (Edited by: Craig NL, Craigie R, Gellert M, Lambowitz ML). Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology 2002, 177–191. 4.

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