Immunoprecipitation

analyses revealed an interaction between MKRN1 and WNVCp. Domain analysis indicated that the C terminus of MKRN1 and the N terminus of WNVCp were required for the interaction. MKRN1 could induce WNVCp ubiquitination and degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. Interestingly, the WNVCp mutant with amino acids 1 to 105 deleted WNVCp was degraded by MKRN1, whereas the mutant with amino acids 1 to 90 deleted was not. When three lysine sites at positions 101, 103, and 104 of WNVCp were replaced with alanine, MKRN1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of the mutant were significantly inhibited, suggesting that these sites are required for the ubiquitination. Finally, U2OS cell lines stably expressing MKRN1 were resistant to cytotoxic effects

of WNV. In contrast, cells selleck chemical depleted of MKRN1 were more susceptible to WNVCp cytotoxicity. Confirming this, overexpression of MKRN1 significantly reduced, but depletion of MKRN1 increased, WNV proliferation in 293T cells. Taken together, our results suggest that MKRN1 can protect cells from WNV by inducing WNVCp degradation.”
“Background. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, but aggressive, malignancy. Current American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE)/American Association of Endocrine Surgeons (AAES) guidelines recommend resection of nonfunctional adrenal neoplasms >= 4 cm. This study evaluates selleck screening library HKI-272 mw the cost-effectiveness of this approach.\n\nMethods. A decision tree was constructed for patients with a nonfunctional, 4-cm adrenal incidentaloma with no radiographic

suspicion for ACC. Patients were randomized to adrenalectomy, surveillance per AACE/AAES guidelines, or no follow-up (“sign-off”). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) includes health care costs, including missed ACC. ICER (dollar/life-year-saved [LYS]) was determined from the societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses were performed.\n\4 nResults. In the base-case analysis, assuming a 2.0% probability of ACC for a 4-cm tumor, surgery was more cost-effective than surveillance (ICER $25,843/LYS). Both surgery and surveillance were incrementally more cost-effective than sign-off ($35 /LYS and $8/LYS, respectively). Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the model was sensitive to patient age, tumor size, probability of ACC, mortality of ACC, and cost of hospitalization. The results of the model were stable across different cost and complications related to adrenalectomy, regardless of operative approach.\n\nConclusion. In our model, adrenalectomy was cost-effective for neoplasms >4 cm and in patients <65 years, primarily owing to the aggressiveness of ACC. Current AACE/AAES guideline recommendations for the resection of adrenal incidentalomas >= 4 cm seem to be cost-effective. (Surgery 2012;152:1125-32.)”
“Aims Hydrogen sulphide levels are reduced in many disease states, including diabetes and end-stage renal disease.

Fifty two patients were symptomatic, and 46 of them had some sign on physical examination. Thirty nine oesophagoscopies were performed, and 7 oesophageal or gastric lesions were observed. When patients with normal and abnormal endoscopic findings were compared, the factors associated with an increased risk of mucosal injury were vomiting (P=0.01), and two or VX-689 cell line more symptoms at admission (P = 0.03). No complication was described in patients without endoscopy.\n\nConclusions: Family education about preventive and initial measures after caustic ingestion must be improved in an attempt to prevent wrong actions which can be harmful. Some patients might benefit from clinical observation without aggressive therapeutic

measures. (C) 2010 3 Asociacion Espanola de

Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.”
“Ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the etiological agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of many species in the order Artiodactyla. Development of a vaccine is critical to prevent mortality. Because OvHV-2 has not been cultured in vitro, SA-MCF research is hindered by the lack of in vitro tools to study viral constituents and specific host immune responses. As an alternative, in this Pfizer Licensed Compound Library cost study the neutralizing activity of antibodies against OvHV-2 glycoproteins gB and gH/gL was evaluated in vivo using rabbits. OvHV-2-specific antibodies were developed in rabbits by immunization using biolistic delivery of

plasmids expressing the genes of interest. A lethal dose of OvHV-2 was incubated with the antisera and then nebulized into rabbits. Virus neutralization was assessed by measuring infection parameters associated with the virus selleck screening library infectious dose. Anti-gB or anti-gH/gL antibodies alone blocked infection in five out of six rabbits (83%), while a combination of anti-gB and anti-gH/gL antibodies protected all six rabbits (100%) from infection. These results indicate that antibodies to OvHV-2 gB and gH/gL are capable of neutralizing virions, and consequently, reduce virus infectivity and prevent SA-MCF in rabbits. Thus, OvHV-2 gB and gH/gL are suitable targets to be tested in a SA-MCF vaccine aimed at stimulating neutralizing antibody responses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing at the allelic level can in theory be achieved using whole exome sequencing (exome-seq) data with no added cost but has been hindered by its computational challenge. We developed ATHLATES, a program that applies assembly, allele identification and allelic pair inference to short read sequences, and applied it to data from Illumina platforms. In 15 data sets with adequate coverage for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 genes, ATHLATES correctly reported 74 out of 75 allelic pairs with an overall concordance rate of 99% compared with conventional typing.

As nanowire size decreases, thermoelectric properties of nanowires can be enhanced. As a result, triangular nanowires with

side length of 1 nm have the best results of ZT and it can be enhanced to 1.5 and 0.85 for an n-type nanowire along [111] orientation and a p-type nanowire along [100] orientation, respectively. For extremely narrow nanowires, thermoelectric properties are only dependent on #432 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# the number of the transmission modes instead of material properties such as carrier effective mass. Moreover, cross-section shape and thermal conductance contributed by electrons play important roles in ZT while their influence can be ignored for large size nanowires. Even though smaller size nanowires have better performance with the consideration of the single nanowire thermoelectric properties, they might be less efficient than larger diameter nanowires, as packing space is not very dense. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3273485]“
“LY500307 is a selective estrogen receptor beta (ER) agonist that was developed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The in vitro functional selectivity of LY500307 for ER agonist activity is 32-fold above the activity at the alpha receptor (ER). LY500307

was evaluated in a series of male (M) and female (F) rat LY411575 concentration fertility and rat and rabbit embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies, using 20 or 25 animals/group. LY500307 was administered daily by oral gavage starting 2 weeks (F) or 10 weeks (M) before mating, during cohabitation, until necropsy (M) or through gestation day (GD) 6 (F) in the fertility studies and from GD 6 to 17 (rats)

or GD 7 to 19 (rabbits) in the EFD studies. Dosage levels of LY500307 ranged from 0.03 to 10 mg/kg/day for rats and from 1 to 25 mg/kg/day for rabbits. Fertility, estrous, maternal reproductive endpoints, conceptus viability, sperm parameters, organ weights, and histopathology were evaluated in the fertility studies. Maternal reproductive endpoints and fetal viability, weight, and morphology were evaluated in the KU-57788 inhibitor EFD studies. Toxicokinetics were assessed in satellite animals. At 10 mg/kg/day in the male fertility study, findings included decreased body weight (BW); food consumption (FC); fertility, mating, and conception indices; sperm concentration; and reproductive tissue weight (associated with atrophic histologic changes). In the female fertility study, effects included decreased BW and FC at 0.3 mg/kg/day and persistent diestrus, delayed mating, and reduced fertility/conception indices at 3 mg/kg/day. In the rat EFD study, findings included decreased maternal BW and FC and increased incidences of adverse clinical signs, abortion, maternal mortality/moribundity, postimplantation loss, and fetal skeletal variations at 3 mg/kg/day.

The depigmenting abilities of chloroquine and quinine salicylate were assessed in a human skin equivalent model (MelanoDerm). Both compounds were considerably more effective than arbutin, a widely used lightening agent. Our results indicate

that quinolines may be useful agents for “cosmeceutical” skin lightening and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.”
“Apoptosis is mediated by an intracellular biochemical system that mainly includes proteins (procaspases, caspases, inhibitors, Bcl-2 protein family as well as substances released from mitochondrial intermembrane space). The dynamics of caspase activation and target cleavage in apoptosis induced by granzyme B in a single K562 cell was studied using a mathematical model of the dynamics of granzyme B-induced apoptosis developed in this work. Also the first application of optimization selleck screening library approach to determination of unknown kinetic

constants of biochemical apoptotic reactions was presented. The optimization approach involves solving of two problems: direct and inverse. Solving the direct optimization problem, we obtain the initial (baseline) concentrations of procaspases for known kinetic constants through conditional www.selleckchem.com/products/BMS-754807.html minimization of a cost function based on the principle of minimum protein consumption by the apoptosis system. The inverse optimization problem is aimed at determination of unknown kinetic constants of apoptotic biochemical reactions proceeding from the condition that the optimal concentrations of procaspases resulting from the solution of the direct optimization problem coincide with the observed ones, that is, those determined by biochemical methods. The Multidimensional Index Method was used

to perform numerical solution of the inverse optimization problem. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background and Purpose: The recent technologic advances in the newer generation of Anlotinib manufacturer flexible ureteroscopes have significantly enhanced the therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy of ureteroscopy. The 4 purpose of our study was to assess ureteroscopy and lithotripsy of renal calculi without a safety wire, using the ureteroscope as the safety device.\n\nPatients and Methods: Medical records for patients undergoing ureteroscopy by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed from December 2006 to December 2009. Inclusion criteria for our study included all adult patients who underwent wireless flexible ureteroscopy for the management of renal calculi and had 1 month follow-up data.\n\nResults: Of the 568 patients who underwent ureteroscopy during this period, 268 patients met our study inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients undergoing wireless ureteroscopy was 33 years, and the mean body mass index was 33.1 kg/m(2). Mean stone diameter of the renal calculi treated was 12.0+/-5.9 mm.

\n\nObjectives\n\nTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of de-escalation antimicrobial treatment for adult patients diagnosed with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock caused by any micro-organism.\n\nSearch strategy\n\nWe searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 8); MEDLINE via PubMed (from inception to August 2010); EMBASE (from inception to August 2010); LILACS (from inception to August 2010); Current Controlled Trials and bibliographic

references of relevant studies. We also contacted the main authors in the area. We applied no language restriction.\n\nSelection criteria\n\nWe planned to include randomized controlled trials comparing de-escalation (based on selleck inhibitor culture results) versus standard therapy for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. The primary outcome was mortality (at 28 days, hospital discharge or the end of the follow-up period). Studies including patients initially treated with an empirical but not adequate antimicrobial therapy were not considered for inclusion.\n\nData collection and analysis\n\nTwo authors planned to independently select

and extract data and evaluate methodological quality of all studies. We planned to use relative risk (risk ratio) for dichotomous data and mean difference (MD) for continuous data, with 95% confidence intervals. We planned to use the random-effects statistical model when Selleckchem Elacridar the estimate effects of two or more studies could be combined in a metaanalysis.\n\nMain results\n\nWe retrieved 436 references via the search strategy. No randomized

controlled trials testing de-escalation antimicrobial treatment for adult patients diagnosed with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock could be included in this review.\n\nAuthors’ conclusions\n\nThere is no adequate, direct evidence as to whether de-escalation of antimicrobial agents is effective and safe for adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Therefore, it is not possible to either recommend or not recommend the de-escalation of antimicrobial agents FK506 in clinical practice for septic patients. This uncertainty warrants further research via randomized controlled trials or 432 cohort studies.”
“Intramuscular endocrine gland transplantation has been well described as it pertains to parathyroid autotransplantation; however, transplantation of the adrenal gland is less well characterized. While adrenal autotransplantation in the setting of Cushing’s disease has been described, intramuscular adrenal allotransplantation as a cure for adrenal insufficiency to our knowledge has not been previously carried out. Current treatment for adrenal insufficiency leaves patients without diurnal variation in cortisol release and susceptible to the detrimental effects of chronic hypercortisolism.

We underline the importance to look for SDB related signs and symptoms in patients with obesity of any degree.”
“Animal

populations interact with their environments in a scale-dependent manner and exhibit scale-dependent dynamics. Animals may adjust reproductive frequency and fecundity in response to fluctuating environments to maximize reproductive success. We hypothesize that populations of insectivorous small mammals undergo seasonal variations owing to predictable shortages of winter food and short breeding periods, whereas populations selleck kinase inhibitor of herbivorous small mammals may exhibit multi-year fluctuations owing to food-induced variability in the length of the breeding period among years. We predict that omnivorous Peromyscus and Reithrodontomys species would have population dynamics patterns similar to insectivorous small mammals, if the omnivorous rodents rely on insects as winter food. Using the wavelet transform, we re-analyzed nine long-term monthly population time series of Blarina brevicauda, Microtus ochrogaster, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Peromyscus leucopus, Peromyscus maniculatus, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Sigmodon hispidus from Illinois, Kansas, and Pennsylvania, United States to test our hypothesis. Populations of B. brevicauda in Illinois, P. leucopus in Pennsylvania, and S. hispidus and R. megalotis in 3 Kansas resonated with climate

change at an annual scale (8-16 months), whereas Microtus PFTα concentration populations in Illinois and Kansas and P. leucopus, P. maniculatus, and S. hispidus populations learn more in Kansas exhibited the greatest variability at a scale of 32 months. Our Kansas M. ochrogaster population cycled every 2-3 years from 1984 to 1994. Therefore, small mammal populations form a continuum of slow-fast dynamics. Variation in small mammal population abundances

is related to climate dynamics only at annual scales. However, it is unlikely that long-term dynamics of local climate directly result in long-term variation in small mammal population abundances, including population cycles. Our findings demonstrate the importance of scale-specific effects of exogenous factors in the dynamics of animal populations and offer a new interpretation of complex effects of climate on population dynamics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. To investigate the prevalence, distribution and severity of dental erosion and its association with lifestyle, oral and general health in young adults. Materials and methods. Four hundred and ninety-four individuals, 20-years of age, participated. Dental erosion in molars and maxillary incisors was evaluated. Caries, plaque and gingivitis were registered. Saliva samples were taken and the subjects were interviewed about behavioural and dietary habits and oral and general health. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated.

Activity buy Apoptosis Compound Library in human primary visual cortex (V1) reflects the perceived rather than the physical

size of objects, indicating an involvement of V1 in illusory size perception. Here we investigate the role of eye-specific signals in two common size illusions in order to provide further information about the mechanisms underlying illusory size perception.\n\nResults: We devised stimuli so that an object and its spatial context associated with illusory size perception could be presented together to one eye or separately to two eyes. We found that the Ponzo illusion had an equivalent magnitude whether the objects and contexts were presented to the same or different eyes, indicating that it may be largely mediated by binocular neurons. In contrast, the Ebbinghaus illusion became much weaker when objects and their contexts were presented to different eyes, indicating important contributions to the illusion from monocular neurons early Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor in the visual pathway.\n\nConclusions: Our findings show that two well-known size illusions

– the Ponzo illusion and the Ebbinghaus illusion – are mediated by different neuronal populations, and suggest that the underlying neural mechanisms associated with illusory size perception differ and can be dependent on monocular channels in the early visual pathway.”
“A series of novel 5-(3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-(3-butyl-1-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]- pyridin-7-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives has been synthesized from 3-butyl-1-chloroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid and ethyl 3-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate. The compounds were characterized using IR, H-1 NMR, HRMS and UV vis absorption. The fluorescence spectral characteristics

of the compounds in dichloromethane were investigated. The results showed that absorption lambda(max) and emission lambda(max) was less correlated with substituent groups on N-1 position Entinostat cell line of pyrazole moiety and para position of benzene moiety. The calculated molecular orbital 4 correlates well with their absorption. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) for greater saphenous vein (GSV) insufficiency is a relatively new method of treatment only recently made available in Iran. This is the first long-term randomized trial comparing EVLT with high ligation of saphenous vein (HLS) in the Iranian population. Sixty-five patients met the inclusion criteria and were divided into homogenous treatment groups of EVLT (n = 30) or HLS (n = 35). Clinical severity, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology (CEAP) classification and Aberdeen Varicose Vein Symptom Severity Scores (AVSS) were used to determine disease severity and symptoms before and after the procedure in both groups. Outcome was measured by the rate of recurrence as shown in Doppler ultrasonography evaluation. Follow-up was conducted 1 week and 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after the intervention. The occlusion rate of GSV was similar in both groups (93.6 % for EVLT, 88.

“
“In this paper, by first principle calculations, we investigate systematically the band topology of a new half-Heusler family with composition of I(A)-III(A)-IV(A). The results clearly show that many of the I-III-IV half-Heusler compounds are in fact promising to be topological insulator candidates. The characteristic feature PI3K inhibitor of these new topological insulators is the naturally strong band inversion strength (up to -2 eV) without containing heavy elements. Moreover, we found that both the band inversion strength and the bulk insulating

gap of the compounds can be tailored through strain engineering, and therefore would be grown epitaxially in the form of thin films, and useful in spintronics and other applications. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Oocyte cryopreservation still bears the experimental label. check details Remarkable innovation in this field has led to immense improvement in clinical outcomes and has even 3 resulted in outcomes comparable to those achieved following fresh embryo transfers. Such success has prompted this centre to investigate

outcomes of cryopreservation options (oocyte versus pronuclear zygote versus supernumerary day-5 blastocyst after fresh embryo transfer). This study retrospectively analysed 200 cryopreservation cycles which were divided into three groups according to cryopreservation option, which were all cultured to blastocyst-stage post thaw/warming from January 2005 to December 2008, and compared them with 400 fresh embryo transfer cycles from the same time period. When compared with fresh embryo transfer, frozen embryo transfers originating from previously cryopreserved oocytes or pronuclear zygotes resulted in similar implantation, pregnancy and live-birth rates; however, frozen embryo transfers originating from supernumerary day-5 blastocysts resulted in lower outcomes. Thus, oocyte and/or pronuclear zygote cryopreservation appear to be the most viable options

for women desiring fertility preservation. Cryopreservation www.selleckchem.com/products/4egi-1.html of supernumerary blastocysts may lead to a slightly lower live-birth rate since the best-quality blastocysts are generally transferred during the fresh embryo transfer attempt. (C) 2011, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Since its inception in 1995, the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) has become an increasingly important tool for regulation of drug product development worldwide. The regulations with respect to biowaivers for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms in the United States, the EU, and from the World Health Organization are summarized and compared in this article. On this basis, technical requirements for BCS-based biowaiver in China are proposed, and biowaiver eligibility of immediate-release oral products in the China Pharmacopoeia 2005, and the top 200 best sale list in 2008 are evaluated, which shows a similar trend to those found in the top 200 lists,from the United States and Great Britain.

Our results indicate that Sch B and GrTP exert antioxidative effects against Hg-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.”
“Introduction: Award of the degree MD has special relevance in Germany since the underlying research 432 project can be started during the qualification for admission to doctoral training. This leads to a large number of thesis projects with a not always sufficiently pronounced enthusiasm and thus poor chances of success. Accordingly a case control study was undertaken in the Department of Human Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University to BAY 63-2521 manufacturer investigate reported drop-outs of thesis projects. Material and Method: In autumn

2012 all students in the clinical phases of human medicine education were surveyed using a self-conceived questionnaire on previously initiated or terminated thesis projects, “terminated” is defined as the unsuccessful ending of a project after working for at least 3 months. Individually reported thesis terminations were evaluated using defined items in a 4-stage Likert scale regarding thesis plan and project, subsequently, graduate students who successfully completed a project received the same questionnaire. The items possibly corresponding to process determinants were averaged to a total of 7 dimensions prior to the analysis; the resulting scores were normalised in value ranges 0.0 to 1.0 (1.0 = optimal project situation) whereby individual items could be included in several scores. By means

of 5 items a primary endpoint from the faculty’s perspective on “compliance with formal procedures” was aggregated; by means of a two-sided Wilcoxon test at the 5% level students with unsuccessful and successful courses YM155 Apoptosis inhibitor were compared along the corresponding scores. Results: 181 of 276 students from 7 study semesters participated

in the screening; details of 17 terminations and 23 currently successful courses could be evaluated in the case control study. For significant differences (p smaller https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-04929113.html than 0.001) between unsuccessful and successful courses in the primary endpoint, median scores of 0.17 (0.07-0.50) versus 0.73 (0.53-0.83) were estimated. Conclusion: There were differences between unsuccessful and (as yet) successful courses, especially with regard to the aspects “compliance with formal procedures”. Thus a recommendation can be derived in the sense of a stricter and, if necessary, sanctioning demand for formal procedures such as early reporting of thesis projects to the responsible committees. A weakness is the low number of evaluable self-reported drop-outs as well as the overall moderate response rate.”
“OBJECTIVE-We report here genotyping data and type 1 diabetes association analyses for HLA class I loci (A, B, and C) on 1,753 multiplex pedigrees from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC), a large international collaborative study.\n\nRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Complete eight-locus HLA genotyping data were generated.

(Am J Pathol 2011, 179:211-222; DOI. 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.010)”
“Objectives To determine whether the PTPN22, STAT4 and TRAF1/C5 gene polymorphisms may be implicated in the development of cardiovascular (CV) events and subclinical atherosclerosis manifested by the presence of endothelial dysfunction or increased

carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in a series of Spanish patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).\n\nMethods Six hundred and twelve patients fulfilling the 1987 American College of 432 Rheumatology classification criteria for RA, seen at the rheumatology outpatient clinics of Hospital Xeral-Calde, Lugo, and Hospital click here San Carlos, Madrid, were studied. Patients were genotyped using predesigned TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays. Moreover, between March and December 2007, a subgroup of unselected RA patients with no history of CV events was studied for the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis by the assessment of the endothelial function (n=126) and the carotid INCB28060 mw artery IMT (n= 110) by ultrasonography studies.\n\nResults No significant differences

in the allele or genotype frequencies for the PTPN22, STAT4 and TRAF1/C5 gene polymorphisms between RA patients with or without CV events were found. It was also the case when we analysed the potential influence of the genotypes in the presence of endothelial dysfunction or increased carotid artery IMT of patients with RA.\n\nConclusion Our results do not show that the PTPN22, STAT4 and TRAF1/C5 gene polymorphisms may confer a direct risk of CV disease in patients with RA.”
“This study examined the effects of NH4Cl ingestion on phosphocreatine (PCr) metabolism during 9 min of moderate- (MOD) and heavy- (HVY) intensity constant-load isotonic plantar-flexion exercise. Healthy young adult male subjects (n = 8) completed both a control (CON) and NH4Cl ingestion (ACID) trial. Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in intracellular pH (pHi), [Pi], [PCr], and [ATP]. During the Middle (3-6 min) XMU-MP-1 ic50 and Late (6-9 min) stages of HVY, ACID was associated with a higher (P < 0.05) intracellular hydrogen-ion concentration

([H+]i) [Middle: 246 (SD 36) vs. 202 (SD 36) mmol/l]; [Late: 236 (SD 35) vs. 200 (SD 39) mmol/l]. In addition, ACID was associated with a lower (P < 0.05) [PCr] relative to CON during the Early (0-3 min) [18.1 (SD 5.1) vs. 20.4 (SD 5.4) mmol/l] and Middle stages [14.1 (SD 5.4) vs. 16.7 (SD 6.0) mmol/l] of HVY. The amplitude of the primary component of PCr breakdown during the transition to HVY was greater in ACID than CON [14.5 (SD 5.8 vs. 11.3 (SD 4.8) mmol/l], however, the PCr slow component (continued slow decline in [PCr]) showed no difference (P > 0.05). The time constant for PCr breakdown (tau PCr) was greater in HVY than MOD for both conditions [58 (SD 22) vs. 28 (SD 15) s ACID; 51 (SD 20) vs. 29 (SD 14) s CON] (P < 0.05).