4 Total organic carbon. 5 Total nitrogen. 6 Sulphur. CbbL clone libraries (Form IC & IA) CbbL clone sequences were grouped into OTUs based on a cut-off of 95% sequence similarity. Totals of 141, 99 and 103

form IC cbbL clone sequences were obtained from agricultural (AS) and two saline (SS1 & SS2) soils and termed BS, HS, and RS respectively. Overall, the red like clone sequences yielded 58, 32 and 40 unique phylotypes for AS, SS1 & SS2 clone libraries respectively. Heatmap (Additional file 1: Figure S1) generated by Mothur program depicts the relative abundance of these phylotypes within respective clone libraries. In spite of repeated attempts to amplify and clone PCR products, only 28 partial form IA clone sequences were obtained from the saline soil (SS2), termed “RG clones”, and could be grouped into 8 OTUs (Figure 1). Comparisons AZD6738 order with the NCBI database by BLAST searches revealed that these OTUs were only distantly related to the known Selleck AZD4547 green-like cbbL sequences (Figure 1). Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of green like cbbL clones. Neighbour-joining tree (Jukes–Cantor correction) was constructed from saline soil (SS2) clone library partial cbbL (form IA) nucleic acid sequences (phylotypes) with closely related

cbbL-gene sequences from known organisms and environmental clones. Clone sequences of form IA cbbL sequence are coded as ‘RG’. One representative phylotype is shown followed by phylotype number and the number of clones within each phylotype is shown at the Ixazomib chemical structure end. One thousand bootstrap analyses were performed and percentages are shown at

nodes. The scale bar indicates 0.05 substitutions per site. The red-like cbbL sequence of Xanthobacter autotrophicus was used as outgroup for tree calculations. Phylogenetic affiliation of RuBisCO genes The phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbour joining method using Jukes-Cantor correction. A composite phylogenetic tree was generated from selected nucleotide sequences of form IC cbbL genes from all three soil samples and bacterial isolates (Figure 2). Separate trees for AS and SS1 & SS2 were also generated from aligned nucleotide sequences of form IC cbbL genes (Additional file 2: Figure S2a and Additional file 3: Figure S2b). In the composite tree, majority of the phylotypes (60%) from different soil types did not cluster close to the cbbL sequences of known Akt inhibitor autotrophs. The sequences of cluster 2 (4 OTUs), cluster 6 (12 OTUs), cluster 7 (5 OTUs, 7 cultured isolates), cluster 8 (6 OTUs), cluster 13 (8 OTUs) and cluster 14 (4 OTUs) formed novel monophyletic groups not affiliated to known cbbL gene containing bacteria. Some of the clone sequences clustered with cbbL sequences from known lithotrophs. OTUs from AS soil were grouped into one site specific cluster (cluster 8). The phylotypes from saline soils were closely clustered within cluster 3, cluster 6, cluster 7, cluster 14 and cluster 15.

1 ± 7.0 84.4 ± 5.9 86.2 ± 6.5 Duration*3 (hours) 8.19 ± 5.33 28.27 ± 37.77 34.39 ± 27.42 *1 CRP, C-reactive Protein; *2 WBC, White Blood Cell; *3 Duration, duration between onset

of symptoms and hospitalization To elucidate the Lazertinib surgical indication markers for acute appendicitis, the patients were divided into two groups which were surgical treatment necessary group consisted of gangrenous appendicitis and possible non-operative treatment group consisted of catarrhalis and phlegmonous appendicitis, since gangrenous appendicitis cannot be restored to normal histology, NCT-501 mw and catarrhalis and phlegmonous appendicitis could be curable with antibiotics. The CRP level and duration between the onset of symptoms and hospitalization significantly differed between the surgical treatment necessary and unnecessary group in univariate analysis (table 2). Multivariate analysis of the surgical treatment necessary and unnecessary groups was performed to identify an independent marker for the surgical indications of acute appendicitis. The logistic regression analysis indicated that only the CRP level is an independent

marker for distinguishing the severity of acute appendicitis (table Ilomastat 3). The ROC curve showed that the area under the ROC curve for the CRP level of necrotic appendicitis was 0.862, and the optimal cutoff value of CRP for surgical indication for classifying cases was around 4.95 mg/dl (sensitivity = 84.3%, specificity = 75.8%, false positive rate = 24.2%, false negative rate = 15.7%, positive predictive value = 64.2%, negative predictive value = 90.4%; figure 1). Table 2 Comparison Between the Necrotic and Non-necrotic Appendicitis groups by Univariate before analysis   without necrosis with necrosis P value   (catarrhalis+phregmonous, n = 99) (gangrenous, n = 51)   CRP*1 level (mg/dl) 3.462 ± 4.208

11.472 ± 7.594 < 0.0001 WBC*2 (×100 mm3) 140.66 ± 43.03 143.49 ± 47.68 0.713 Neutrophil Percentage (%) 84.2 ± 6.0 86.2 ± 6.5 0.1169 Duration*3 (hours) 25.02 ± 35.40 34.40 ± 27.42 0.1007 *1 CRP, C-reactive Protein; *2 WBC, White Blood Cell; *3 Duration, duration between onset of symptoms and hospitalization Table 3 Comparison Between the Necrotic and Non-necrotic Appendicitis groups by Multivariate analysis   P value RR*4 (95% CI*5) CRP* 1 level (mg/dl) < 0.0001 1.442 (1.242-1.673) WBC* 2 (×100 mm3) 0.1751 0.988 (0.971-1.005) Neutrophil Percentage (%) 0.3563 1.052 (0.945-1.171) Duration* 3 (hours) 0.3019 0.990 (0.970-1.009) Age (<16) 0.5205 1.507 (0.431-5.261) Gender (female) 0.1799 2.282 (0.683-7.617) *1 CRP, C-reactive Protein; *2 WBC, White Blood Cell; *3 Duration, duration between onset of symptoms and hospitalization; *4 RR, Relative risk; *5 CI, Confidence interval Figure 1 Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of necrotic appendicitis. Discussion Appendicitis has been mainly treated by surgical management.

Peridium of locules laterally,

thinner at the apex Temsirolimus price and the base, coriaceous, two-layered, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses not observed. Asci 8−spored, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, with a short narrow twisted pedicel, apically rounded; with a small ocular chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged to uniseriate near the base, hyaline, septate, deeply constricted at the septum, oblong to ovate, with broadly to narrowly rounded ends, the upper cell often broader than the lower one, smooth, guttulate. Asexual state not established. Notes: Phyllachorella was formally established by Sydow (1914) in “Phyllachoracearum” as a monotypic genus represented by P. micheliae. The genus is characterized Nutlin-3a clinical trial by its “phyllachorae stroma” on the host surface. Kar and Maity (1971) recorded the type species of this genus in India and gave a full description of this genus based on its “hypophyllous, 2–3 sometimes coalescing stromata and cylindro-clavate, pedicellate

asci”. We have re-examined the type specimen of this genus, which has hyaline ascospores as recorded in the protologue (Sydow 1914). According to Kar and Maity (1971) ascospore are brown inside the asci. It is not clear whether their collection was Phyllachorella. There has been no phylogenetic study of this genus, however many of its characters (ascostromata, thick wall of relatively thick-walled brown-cells textura angularis/globulosa, characteristic asci and aseptate ascospores), suggest it should be included in Botryosphaeriaceae. Generic type: Phyllachorella micheliae Syd. Phyllachorella micheliae Syd., Ann. Mycol 12: 489 (1914) ≡ Vestergrenia micheliae (Syd.) Arx & E. Müll., Beitr. Kryptfl. STK38 Schweiz 11(no. 1): 75 (1954) MycoBank: MB239498 (Fig. 30) Fig. 30 Phyllachorella micheliae (S F5795, holotype) a Appearance of ascostromata on the host substrate. b−d Vertical section through ascostroma. e Vertical

section PF-02341066 cost illustrating the peridium. f Asci. g−h Asci in lactophenol cotton blue reagent. i−j Ascospores in the lactophenol cotton blue. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b−e = 100 μm, f−j = 10 μm Epiphytes on the host leaf surface, forming conspicuous ascostromata. Ascostromata black, 170–220 μm high × 180–210 diam., gregarious, with numerous ascomata clustering together forming black, velvety patches, superficial. Peridium of locules up to 22–38 μm thick, laterally, thinner at the apex and the base, coriaceous, two-layered, outer layer composed of small heavily pigmented thick-walled cells textura angularis, inner layer composed of hyaline thin-walled cells textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses not observed.

To ascertain that translation of these two ALA1 mutants was actually initiated

from CGC or CAC, and not from other remedial initiation sites, codons in the leader sequence that have the potential to serve as secondary translation initiation sites and initiate the synthesis of at least part of the mitochondrial targeting sequence were targeted for mutagenesis, and the protein expression and complementation activity of the resultant mutants were then tested. In this regard, TTG(-16) appeared to be a promising candidate on account of its favorable sequence context. To distinguish the protein forms initiated from ACG(-25) and UUG(-16), an 18% polyacrylamide gel was used. As shown in Figure 3, mutation of ACG(-25) to CGC had only a minor effect on mitochondrial activity, but drastically reduced protein expression selleck chemical (Figure 3A, B, numbers

check details 1 and 2). The upper and lower protein bands were abolished by the mutation, while the middle band was largely unaffected. This result suggests that both the upper and lower bands were initiated from ACG(-25), and the lower band was derived from cleavage of the upper band possibly by a matrix-processing peptidase. A further mutation that changed TTG(-16) to TTA impaired both the mitochondrial activity and protein expression of the CGC mutant (Figure 3A, B, numbers 2 and 4), suggesting that UUG(-16) served as a remedial initiation

site in the CGC mutant and the middle band was initiated from UUG(-16). As the UUG codon possesses stronger initiating activity in the CGC mutant than in the GGU mutant (Figure 3B, numbers 2 and 3), it is possible that CGC(-25) rescued the initiating activity of UUG(-16). Note that the TTG-to-TTA change is a silent mutation and therefore does not affect the stability of the protein form initiated from ACG(-25). A semiquantitative RT-PCR experiment from further demonstrated that these mutations at codon position -25 or -16 did not affect the stability of the mRNAs derived from these Pevonedistat in vivo constructs (Figure 3C). Figure 3 Rescuing a cryptic translation initiation site in ALA1. (A) Complementation assays for mitochondrial AlaRS activity. (B) Assay of initiating activity by Western blots. Upper panel, AlaRS-LexA fusion; lower panel, PGK (as loading controls). (C) RT-PCR. Relative amounts of specific ALA1-lexA mRNAs generated from each construct were determined by RT-PCR. As a control, relative amounts of actin mRNAs were also determined. The ALA1 sequences used in the ALA1-lexA constructs 1~4 in (B) were respectively transferred from constructs 1~4 shown in (A). In (C) the numbers 1~4 (circled) denote constructs shown in (B).

Ascospores 35–43 × 14–17 μm, irregularly biseriate in the ascus, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to rhomboid, smooth, thin-walled, widest in the middle, with a mucilaginous sheath. Conidiomata MM-102 often found in the same ascostroma. Paraphyses hyphae-like, branched, arising between the conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline,

cylindrical, sometimes branched at the base, discrete. Conidia 42–47(−55) × 8.5–12.5 μm, hyaline, aseptate, fusiform, widest in the middle, apex acute, base truncate with a minute marginal frill, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Material examined: GERMANY, Bavaria, Munich, English Garden, on dead twigs of Quercus robur, 8 July 2004, A.J.L. Phillips (LISE 95179, epitype). Neodeightonia C. Booth, in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 119: 17 (1970) [1969] Saprobic on dead wood and leaves of monocotyledons. Ascostromata brown to dark brown, uniloculate, immersed to erumpent, selleck inhibitor globose to subglobose. Ostiole circular, central. Peridium of dark brown-walled cells of textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses hyphae-like, septate, constricted at the septa. Asci 8−spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindrical-clavate,

apically rounded with an ocular chamber. Ascospores uniseriate or irregularly biseriate, hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal-fusiform or fusiform, surrounded or not surrounded by a complex sheath. Pycnidia uniloculate or multilocular, semi-immersed, solitary, globose, covered by mycelium, wall Meloxicam composed of dark brown thick-walled textura angularis, becoming thin-walled and hyaline toward the inner region. Paraphyses hyaline, cylindrical. Conidiogenous cells selleckchem holoblastic, hyaline, aseptate, cylindrical to subcylindrical. Conidia initially hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid to obovoid, thick-walled with granular content, rounded at apex, occasionally truncate at base. Aged conidia becoming cinnamon to sepia, and 1−septate, brown to dark brown. Notes: Neodeightonia was introduced by

Booth (Punithalingam 1969). However, von Arx and Müller (1975) transferred the type of the genus, N. subglobosa, to Botryosphaeria, reducing Neodeightonia to synonymy. Phillips et al. (2008) reinstated this genus which is distinguishable from Botryosphaeria morphologically (based on the dark, 1−septate ascospores) and phylogenetically (Phillips et al. 2008, Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009) and described a new species N. phoenicum. Liu et al. (2010) added the fourth species, N. palmicola based on studies on morphology of the sexual and asexual morphs and phylogenetic data. Generic type: Neodeightonia subglobosa C. Booth Neodeightonia subglobosa C. Booth, in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. 119: 19 (1970) [1969] MycoBank: MB318601 (Figs. 22 and 23) Fig. 22 Neodeightonia subglobosa (IMI 57769 c, holotype) a−b Section through ascostromata. c Developing asci. Scale bars: b−c = 50 μm Fig. 23 Neodeightonia subglobosa (MFLU 11−0199). a Ascostromata on host substrate.

9 mL/min/kg). Accordingly, plasma AUC0-8 was approximately 40-fold less with nanosuspension delivery (Table 1). Tumor concentrations (Figures 3 and 4) and exposures (Table 1) were higher for selleck chemicals llc Cremophor EL:ethanol delivery with AUC0-8 being approximately 3-fold higher compared to nanosuspension delivery. In contrast, click here paclitaxel liver concentrations (Figures 3 and 4) and exposures (Table 1) were higher for nanosuspension

delivery with AUC0-8 being approximately 6-fold higher than that observed for the Cremophor EL:ethanol formulation. Spleen exposure was comparable for the two formulations (Table 1). Figure 3 Paclitaxel concentration-time profile in plasma, tumor, liver, and spleen following intravenous administration using Cremophor EL:ethanol formulation. Figure 4 Paclitaxel concentration-time profile in plasma, tumor, liver, and spleen following intravenous administration using nanosuspension formulation. Table 1 Exposure (mean value) of paclitaxel in plasma, see more tumor, liver, and spleen following intravenous administration

Tissue AUC0-8(μM × h) Formulation   Cremophor EL:ethanol Nanosuspension Plasma 74.7 2.1 Tumor 52.1 17.5 Liver 269.1 1,701.1 Spleen 85.2 147.5 Paclitaxel tissue to plasma ratios were determined in order to assess formulation-dependent differences in tissue distribution in tumor, spleen, and liver (Table 2). Delivery with nanosuspension resulted in higher tissue to plasma ratios for all Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 three organs investigated (Figure 5, Table 2). In particular, the liver to plasma

ratio was exceptionally high being approximately 225-fold higher with nanosuspension delivery. Table 2 Tissue to plasma exposure ratio of paclitaxel for tumor, liver, and spleen following intravenous administration Tissue to plasma ratio Formulation   Cremophor EL:ethanol Nanosuspension Tumor AUC0-8/plasma AUC0-8 0.7 8.3 Liver AUC0-8/plasma AUC0-8 3.6 810.0 Spleen AUC0-8/plasma AUC0-8 1.1 16.8 AUC0-8, area under the concentration-time profile from 0 to 8 h. Figure 5 Log tissue to plasma ratios for tumor, liver, and spleen following intravenous delivery to mice. Anti-tumor efficacy of paclitaxel In order to compare the relative efficacy of Cremophor EL:ethanol versus nanosuspension delivery, percent tumor growth inhibition was determined at the end of the study. Delivery of paclitaxel with the standard Cremophor EL:ethanol formulation resulted in 90% TGI (Figure 6). The use of nanosuspension for intravenous delivery resulted in considerably less efficacy with TGI being 42%. Figure 6 Plots of mean tumor volume versus time in xenograft mice for intravenous paclitaxel. In order to normalize the anti-tumor efficacy with differences in paclitaxel exposure observed with the two formulations, TGI was normalized with respect to the plasma and the site of action (i.e., tumor). Figure 7 shows normalized efficacy with respect to plasma and tumor exposures for both formulations.

PubMed 43. Abdul-Tehrani H, Hudson AJ, Chang YS, Timms AR, Hawkins C, Williams JM, Harrison PM, Guest JR, Andrews SC: Ferritin mutants of Escherichia coli are iron deficient and growth impaired, and fur mutants are iron deficient. J Bacteriol 1999, 181 (5) : 1415–1428.PubMed 44. Keyer K, Imlay JA: Superoxide accelerates DNA damage by BTSA1 solubility dmso elevating free-iron

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DJ, Foster SA, Galloway DA, Reid BJ: Progressive region-specific de novo methylation of the p16 CpG island in primary human mammary epithelial cell strains during escape from M(0) growth arrest. Mol Cell Biol 1999,19(8):5642–5651.PubMed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JG and JS designed the study, wrote the manuscript and performed the statistical analysis. HH participated in its design and participated in the sequence alignment. ZL conceived of the study, and participated in its design. YD and YG collected all the human

material and participated DNA extraction and bisulfite modification selleck compound of DNA. JC, ML, SL and HL performed the methylation detection. JG, JS and HH contributed equally to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Anidulafungin (LY303366) Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive gynecological malignancies, and its high mortality is most often a direct result of delayed diagnosis. Only 25% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed while the malignancy is still confined to the ovary, and the cure rate in these CHIR98014 molecular weight patients can reach 90%. The remaining 75% of ovarian tumors have spread beyond the ovary by the time of diagnosis, and the cure rate for these patients is lower than 20% [1]. With the advent of molecular-targeted therapies, treatment for ovarian cancer is now moving beyond conventional chemotherapy. Inhibition of the specific cytokines essential for tumor vascularization is one such a therapy [2]; thus, anti-angiogenesis therapy has become a new strategy for ovarian cancer treatment. No proven biomarkers of tumor angiogenesis have been fully characterized; however, tumor microvascular density is used to predict tumor metastasis, recurrence, and prognosis. Determining microvascular density is a highly invasive procedure, and its association with the clinical outcome in ovarian cancer is uncertain [3, 4].

11.0 in Python 2.7.3.

Acknowledgments We thank Jun Wheeler for MALDI mass spectrometry fingerprinting analysis of recombinant proteins; Mark Donahue for assistance with data analysis; Hayley Angove and Wendy Savory for assistance with development of the MK5108 datasheet FRET-based assay and sortase protein expression, respectively. We thank Neil Fairweather, Johann Peltier, Helen A. Shaw and Madeleine Moule for critical reading of the manuscript. Funding This research was supported by funding from Wellcome Trust grant number 086418/Z/ and MRC grant number 499 94717. Additional files Additional file 1: Figure S1. RT-PCR analysis in C. difficile strain 630 of CD2718 and its predicted substrates. PCR reactions were performed with 630 cDNA that was prepared from cultures grown to early exponential (E), late exponential (L) and stationary phase (S). M = Hyperladder I (Bioline), G = 630 genomic DNA, W = dH2O. A “+“indicates cDNA reaction with added reverse transcriptase, “-“ indicates cDNA reaction without added reverse transcriptase (control for DNA depletion of RNA sample). Additional file 2: Table S1. Primers used for RT-PCR analysis. References 1. Mazmanian SK, Ton-That H, Schneewind O: Sortase-catalysed anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus . Mol selleck inhibitor PFT�� Microbiol 2001, 40(5):1049–1057. 2. Ton-That H, Faull KF, Schneewind O: Anchor

structure of staphylococcal surface proteins. A branched peptide that links the carboxyl terminus of proteins to the cell wall. J Biol Chem 1997, 272(35):22285–22292.PubMedCrossRef 3. Ton-That H, Mazmanian SK, Alksne L, Schneewind O: Anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus . Cysteine 184 and histidine 120 of sortase form a thiolate-imidazolium ion pair for catalysis. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(9):7447–7452. 4. Ton-That H, Mazmanian SK, Faull KF, Schneewind O: Anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus . Sortase

catalyzed in vitro transpeptidation reaction using LPXTG peptide and NH(2)-Gly(3) substrates. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(13):9876–9881. 5. Perry AM, Ton-That H, Mazmanian SK, Schneewind O: Anchoring of surface proteins to the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. III. Lipid II Suplatast tosilate is an in vivo peptidoglycan substrate for sortase-catalyzed surface protein anchoring. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(18):16241–16248. 6. Ruzin A, Severin A, Ritacco F, Tabei K, Singh G, Bradford PA, Siegel MM, Projan SJ, Shlaes DM: Further evidence that a cell wall precursor [C(55)-MurNAc-(peptide)-GlcNAc] serves as an acceptor in a sorting reaction. J Bacteriol 2002, 184(8):2141–2147.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 7. Spirig T, Weiner EM, Clubb RT: Sortase enzymes in Gram-positive bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2011, 82:1044–1059.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 8. Mazmanian SK, Liu G, Jensen ER, Lenoy E, Schneewind O: Staphylococcus aureus sortase mutants defective in the display of surface proteins and in the pathogenesis of animal infections.

In addition, cloning of orf43 with the predicted control site in front of the gene showed that the cytotoxic function could

be repressed only in cells not containing orfs90/91 (data not shown), again supporting the hypothesis. Table 1 Genotype of bacterial strains, plasmids and ICE R391 mutants used Strain Genotype Source AB1157 F-, thr-1, araC14, leuB6, ∆(gpt-proA)62, lacY1, tsx-33, qsr’-0, glnV44, galK2, λ-, Rac-0, hisG4, rfbC1, mgl-51, see more rpoS396, rpsL31 (StrR), kdgK51, xylA5, mtl-1, argE3, thi-1 E. coli genetic stock centre (CGSC), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA TOP10 F-, mcrA0, ∆(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC), φ80dlacZ58(M15), ∆lacX74, recA1, araD139, ∆(araA-leu)7697, galU -, galK0, rpsL – (StrR), endA1, nupG – Bio-Sciences, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland P125109 S. Enteritidis PT4 wild type (NCTC SYN-117 13349), NalR National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), Salisbury, UK Plasmid Genotype Source pBAD33-orf43 mTOR signaling pathway CmR, p15A ori, PBAD L-arabinose inducible, orf43 Armshaw and Pembroke, 2013 [8] pBAD33-orf43[SM12] CmR, p15A ori, PBAD L-arabinose inducible, orf43 containing mutation converting two leucines to prolines at a.a. position 47 and 48. This study pBAD33-orf43[SM56] CmR, p15A ori, PBAD L-arabinose inducible, orf43 containing mutation converting glutamine

at position 115 to asparagine. This study pKOBEG Ts, PBAD-gam-bet-exo cat (CmR) Dr. P. Latour-Lambert, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France pUC18 AmR template for deletion mutant construction Sigma-Aldrich, Arklow, Wicklow, Ireland pcDNA3.1(+) ZeR template for deletion mutant construction

Invitrogen, Bio-Sciences, Dun Laoghaire, Dublin, Ireland ICE Genotype Source R391 KmR, HgR Dr R.W. Hedges, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK R391 Mutant Genotype Source AB1157 R391 ∆14 (∆orf43) ICE R391 orf43 deletion strain, AmR, UV-, tra- Armshaw and Pembroke, 2013 [8] AB1157 R391 ∆26 (∆orfs90/91) ICE R391 orfs90/91 deletion strain, AmR, UV-, tra- Armshaw and Pembroke, 2013 [8] AB1157 R391 ∆11 (∆orfs40/41) ICE R391 orfs40/41 deletion strain, AmR, tra- Armshaw and Pembroke, 2013 [8] AB1157 R391 ADP ribosylation factor ∆25Am R∆14Ze R ICE R391 orf90 – orf94 and orf43 deletion strain, AmR, ZeR, UV-, tra- This study AB1157 R391 KOA ICE R391 orf32 – orf42 (29575 bp – 41491 bp) deletion strain, AmR, tra- This study AB1157 R391 KOB ICE R391 orf32 – orf42 (29575 bp – 41527 bp) deletion strain, AmR, UV-, tra- This study AB1157 R391 KOC ICE R391 orf32 – orf42 (29575 bp – 41491 bp) and orfs90/91 deletion strain, AmR, ZeR, UV-, tra- This study StrR is streptomycin resistant; CmR is chloramphenicol resistant; KmR is kanamycin resistant; HgR is mercury resistant; ZeR is zeocin resistant; Ts is temperature sensitive; NalR is nalidixic acid resistant and AmR is ampicillin resistant.