Methods.  progestogen antagonist In 2008 an epidemiological oral health survey was carried out and the results on caries were compared with five cross-sectional studies carried out using the same methods and criteria in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004, and 2006 in the same city. In all surveys, children were randomly selected from those attending a National Day of Children’s Vaccination. Calibrated dentists carried out the clinical examination using WHO criteria. Caries trends were assessed by time-lag analysis. In total, 5348 children were examined in the six surveys over the 11-year

period. Results.  Time-lag analysis showed a marked and statistically significant decline in the prevalence (χ2 for trends: P < 0.001) and severity (Kruskal–Wallis: IDH targets P < 0.001) of dental caries between 1997 and 2008. Conclusion.  In conclusion, the last cohort of preschool children in Diadema had much better dental caries status than those in 1997. "
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 216–224 Objectives.  This randomised, controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and 304% fluoride toothpaste to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) in a birth cohort by 24 months. Methods.  The participants

were randomised to receive either (i) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste and once daily 0.12% CHX gel (n = 110) or (ii) twice daily toothbrushing with toothpaste only (study controls) (n = 89). The primary outcome measured

was caries incidence and the secondary outcome was percentage of children with mutans streptococci (MS). All mothers were contacted by telephone at 6, 12, and 18 months. At 24 months, all children were examined at a community dental clinic. Results.  At 24 months, the caries prevalence was 5% (3/61) in the CHX and 7% (4/58) in the controls (P = 0.7). There were no differences in percentages of MS-positive children between the CHX and control groups (54%vs 53%). Only 20% applied the CHX gel once daily and 80% less than once daily. Conclusions.  Toothbrushing using 304% fluoride toothpaste with or without the application of chlorhexidine gel (0.12%) reduces ECC from 23% found Amobarbital in the general community to 5–7%. The lack of effect with chlorhexidine is likely to be due to low compliance. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 132–143 Background.  Recent reports have suggested that dental caries among some young children is increasing in the United States. Aim.  To describe changes in paediatric caries prevalence by poverty status in the United States. Design.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for children aged 2–11 years for 1988–1994 and 1999–2004 were used. Results.

The tccZ gene is present in the genome of the US isolate, although it is located in an entirely different region of the genome. Genes that were present in the Kingscliff strain and absent from the US isolate were annotated using blast and organized according to their putative function. The results are displayed in Table 1. Many of these genes are important putative virulence factors (e.g. haemagglutinin/haemolysin/adhesion and toxins); however, it was GDC-0199 nmr not

possible to characterize the majority of the unique genes by homology searches. It is important to note that our method (homology-based annotation) does not allow us to distinguish between close homologues that have different functions. One of the contigs from the draft assembly shows homology with the 29 732 bp pPAU1 plasmid. An ACT comparison between pPAU1 and the Kingscliff homologue pPAA1 is displayed selleck kinase inhibitor in Fig. 3a. The pPAA1 plasmid contains the same number of predicted genes as pPAU1, although as yet, we

have been unable to ascribe biological functions to the proteins predicted by coding regions in either plasmid. It is of note, however, that this plasmid is found in all the P. asymbiotica strains examined so far (including an uncharacterized isolate from Nepal), but never in the insect-restricted Photorhabdus strains. This suggests a role for the pPAU1-family plasmids in human pathogenicity. In addition, it has not proved possible to cure P. asymbiotica ATCC43949 of the pPAU plasmids (unpublished data). In addition to the pPAU1 plasmid homologue, another plasmid was identified by blast searching, which showed remarkable homology to the pCRY plasmid in Y. pestis. The pCRY plasmid is a 21 742-bp cryptic plasmid that was isolated from Y. pestis strain 91001 (Song

et al., 2004). This plasmid has not been reported previously in any other Photorhabdus species. The presence of this 22 305 bp plasmid was confirmed in the original gDNA extraction by PCR and has been designated pPAA3 (EMBL accession number FN691998). An ACT comparison between pCRY and pPAA3 is displayed in Fig. 3c. Solexa reads from the Kingscliff strain aligned across the entire pCRY sequence (see Fig. either 3d), suggesting a high degree of homology between pCRY and pPAA3. A total of 30 genes were predicted in pPAA3, of which 18 could not be characterized and were annotated as hypothetical proteins. A position-specific iterative blast (psi-blast) of these hypothetical proteins revealed a conserved domain from the RPA superfamily in pPAA3-0025, which suggests that this is a DNA-binding protein that may be involved in DNA replication, repair and recombination. It was not possible to identify putative domains in any of the other hypothetical proteins. The pPAA3-0029 and pPAA3-0030 coding sequences showed homology to HicAB family proteins.

94–0.99; P < 0.05) and elevated urinary microalbumin (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01–1.03; P < 0.05) were significantly associated with anti-diabetic medication treatment. The only independent factor associated with pharmacological treatment for hypertension was elevated HbA1c (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0–2.0; P < 0.05). Patient factors associated with prescription of lipid-lowering agents

were a past history of cardiovascular disease (OR 5.0; 95% CI 2.0–12.5; P < 0.001), BTK inhibitor library concurrent use of anti-hypertensive agents (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2–5.8; P < 0.05) and elevated triglyceride (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2–3.1; P < 0.01). Treatment targets were not being translated into clinical practice in this cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients with acceptable HbA1c levels, with no history of cardiovascular disease and those taking few medications were at risk of being overlooked for the pharmacotherapy they

required. “
“Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the unit costs of a multi-service hospital in Palestine for the period 2005–2007. We investigate the cost structure of the Rafidya Hospital located in Nablus city, find more for both inpatient and outpatient departments. Methods This study uses cost–volume–profit (CVP) analysis, also known as breakeven analysis. CVP analysis requires examining total costs, along with fixed and variable costs. CVP analysis illuminates how changes in assumptions about cost behaviour and the relevant range in which those assumptions are valid affect the relationships among revenues, variable costs and fixed costs at various production levels. Key findings For the hospital of interest, we find that fixed costs account for 70% of total costs, and variable costs were 30% of total costs. Inpatient departments accounted for 86% of total costs, and outpatient departments were 14% of total costs. Results of the breakeven analysis illustrate that several departments charge sufficient fees to cover all unit costs. Conclusions Results provide useful information about unit cost based on four categories: (1) unit cost per admission of each department, (2) unit cost per patient day of each department, (3) unit cost per admission with

annual capital cost of each department and (4) unit cost per patient day with annual capital cost. Our results provide hospital cost information that can be used 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl by decision-makers to provide and expand healthcare services, in an effort to increase sustainability and profitability. The use of cost analysis by administrators and regulators will improve the quality of financial information, as well as enhance the efficient use of scarce resources. “
“Mortality and morbidity are increased in patients experiencing drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of adverse events from DDIs due to the large number of medications that they take and their changes in organ function. Currently, there is a lack of literature describing DDIs in the intensive care unit (ICU).

05), it is to be mentioned that children Selleckchem FG-4592 with MIH had higher percentages of mothers with allergies during pregnancy, of pre-term birth and of food intolerances, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies

and antibiotic treatment during the child’s first 3–4 years of life. This cross-sectional study shows that MIH is a relatively frequent syndrome among Spanish schoolchildren. Methodologically, the size of the sample gives this study sufficient statistical power, and its cluster randomization ensures that it is appropriate to generalize the inferences from the results to the population. Along with sample representativeness, uniform diagnosis criteria and calibration of the examiners are other factors, and it is essential to discuss if the true extent of MIH in different countries is to be known. The wide range of prevalence rates obtained Talazoparib in the published studies

could be related to the different diagnostic criteria employed. The present study used the MIH diagnosis criteria established by EAPD in 2003, but a specific code was used to register teeth with caries lesions with demarcated opacities at the border of the cavity, which had proven to be very useful during calibration sessions, to distinguish caries from cavities not related to caries. The explorer was calibrated with an array of photographs that included numerous clinical images, with particular emphasis on the differences between opacities, hypoplasias, inherited defects and fluorosis stains, and a very high diagnostic agreement percentage was achieved. A number of authors[3, 12, 25-27] have confirmed that calibration using clinical photographs appears

to be suitable for detecting visible alterations, such as MIH, but few information exists about the way it was performed[28, 29]. The present study found 21.8% MIH prevalence, similar to the levels obtained in European countries such as Finland, where the earliest of these studies were conducted: Alaluusua et al.[5] and Leppäniemi et al.[20] found rates of up to 25% and 19.3%, respectively, although they did not use the EAPD diagnostic criteria[11]. Two previous studies from Spain[2, 3] have reported lower prevalences 12.4% and 17.8%, respectively. Sample size and age range differences, as well as retrospective nature involving evaluation of dental records may have result G protein-coupled receptor kinase in underestimation of prevalence in the study from Comes et al.[2] Moreover, the study conducted by Martínez Gómez et al.[3] in Barcelona was carried out in dental chair with better clinical conditions, but considered to carry a crown as exclusion criteria, which could result in loss of positive diagnosis in the elderly children in a population attending a institutional dental clinic. Research that has used the same method as the present study also shows similar MIH prevalence rates, such as da Costa-Silva et al.[30] in Brazil and Ghanim et al.[31] in Iraq, with 19.8% and 18.6%, respectively.

6 CFU mL−1) was cultured for 24 h with FC beads at various volumes (FC concentration: 30–90 μM) in a simple-PPLO broth (15 mL) containing progesterone

(30 μM), the FC did not inhibit the anti-H. pylori action of progesterone: the CFU increase was not observed in any concentrations of FC (Fig. 4c). The 60 and 90 μM concentrations of FC seemed to decrease the CFU of H. pylori cultured with progesterone (30 μM), but the magnitude of CFU decreases was negligible. These results, at least, indicate that FC does not competitively inhibit the anti-H. pylori action of progesterone. This compelled us, in turn, to examine the inhibitory effect of a high concentration of FC on the anti-H. pylori action find protocol of progesterone. When the H. pylori (106.3 CFU mL−1) was cultured for 24 h with progesterone at concentrations ranging from 10 to 30 μM in a simple-PPLO broth (15 mL) containing FC beads (FC concentration: 500 μM) or FC-free beads (approximately the same volume), FC at the highest concentration (500 μM) had a noticeable influence on the anti-H. pylori action of the progesterone: the growth-inhibitory

curve of H. pylori cultured with progesterone Pembrolizumab order in the presence of FC-beads shifted from the control growth-inhibitory curve of H. pylori cultured with progesterone in the presence of FC-free beads to the right side (Fig. 4d). These results indicate that FC noncompetitively inhibits the anti-H. pylori action of progesterone. And taken in combination with the results shown in Fig. 4a and b, they also strongly suggest that progesterone nonreversibly binds to the H. pylori cells and thereby induces the cell lysis and/or inhibits the FC absorption of H. pylori. Earlier investigations (including our own) have shown that H. pylori morphologically converts from a bacillary form to a coccoid form when the organism is exposed to various stresses such as excessive oxygen, alkaline pH, or long-term culture (Catrenich & Makin, 1991; Benaïssa et al., 1996; Donelli et al., 1998; Shimomura

et al., 2004). Cells that change to a coccoid form lack the ability to form colonies on an agar plate, which makes it very difficult to accurately determine the CFU in coccoid-converted H. pylori. The present study revealed that estradiol Branched chain aminotransferase has the potential to inhibit the growth of H. pylori. We also confirmed that coccoid cells are microscopically unobserved in H. pylori cultured with estradiol (data not shown). Taken together, these results show that estradiol acts bacteriostatically on H. pylori without inducing the coccoid cell conversion. Another recent study demonstrated that estradiol somehow protects against the development of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer in a mouse model (Ohtani et al., 2007). The bacteriostatic action of estradiol may play some role in mechanisms preventing the development of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the relationship between estradiol and H. pylori.

To test for significant differences between groups, we used two-sided t-tests (continuous variables) or chi-square tests (categorical variables), as appropriate. We performed a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between demographic factors [age (continuous), gender (male or LGK-974 female), country of birth (foreign-born or US-born), fellow travelers (traveling alone or not), duration of travel (>14 days or ≤14 days), and purpose of travel]

and the likelihood of pursuing health information among travelers to LLMI countries. The Partners Healthcare Human Research Committee approved this study. No personally identifiable information was collected from study respondents. A total of 1,254 travelers, all of whom resided permanently in the United States, completed the survey. A total of 476 survey respondents (38%) were traveling to LLMI countries and 778 survey respondents (62%) were traveling to UMHI countries. The four most common LLMI country destinations among survey respondents were the Dominican Republic (n = 129), India (n = 55), China (n = 47), and Turks and Caicos (n = 43). A total of 61 survey respondents were visiting countries in Africa, including 45 visiting sub-Saharan Africa. Table 1 compares demographic Ibrutinib purchase characteristics of survey respondents traveling to LLMI countries and UMHI countries. Travelers to LLMI countries differed significantly from travelers to UMHI countries in a number of attributes. In particular,

travelers to LLMI countries were younger and more likely to be foreign-born. The four most common foreign birthplaces among survey respondents were India (n = Glutathione peroxidase 42), the Dominican Republic (n = 41), China (n = 16), and Haiti (n = 15). Travelers to LLMI countries pursued trips of longer duration; visiting family and performing volunteer work were more frequently reported as the purpose of travel to LLMI countries (Table 1). Of note, 98 (21%) travelers to LLMI countries fit the CDC criteria for VFR.4 Travelers

to LLMI traveled more frequently with children under the age of 5 (17% of respondents to LLMI countries vs 8% of respondents to UMHI countries, p = 0.02). Overall, 54% of survey respondents traveling to LLMI countries pursued any health information prior to departure. Among travelers to LLMI countries, 21% reported verifying that their immunizations were up to date prior to departure, and 36% reported carrying a prescription medication for travelers’ diarrhea. A total of 364 travelers to LLMI countries were visiting countries that included areas endemic for malaria; 20% of these individuals reported carrying a prescription antimalarial drug with them. By multivariate analysis, several factors were associated with failing to pursue health information among travelers to LLMI countries (Table 2). Being foreign-born, traveling alone, traveling for less than 14 days, and traveling for vacation each predicted higher odds of not pursuing health information, after controlling for other variables.

Linearized pKMSW72 quantified spectrophotometically was used as the standard for qPCR quantification (Fig. S3). Sulfolobus solfataricus PH1 cell-free extract was the no template control. The qPCR settings were as follows: one cycle at 95 °C for 15 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 30 s. A melting curve was determined after the last cycle to ensure that the measured fluorescence was due to the specific product. The qPCR was performed in triplicate for all samples. In order PD-0332991 supplier to determine whether the core promoters of the 16S/23S rRNA gene (42 bp) and TF55α genes (39 bp) were sufficient for expression of the lacS reporter gene in vivo, we measured β-galactosidase activity in cell-free extracts

of S. solfataricus PH1 (lacS∷ISC1217) (Schleper et al., 1994) transformed with viral vectors containing

the respective promoter–lacS gene fusions (Fig. 2). A construct containing 200 bp upstream of lacS was used as a positive control. Cell-free extracts from transformants with all three promoters had higher levels of β-galactosidase activity than host background activity, indicating that SP600125 clinical trial even the 39/42 bp core promoter sequences were sufficient for lacS expression in vivo (Fig. 2a). The pattern of β-galactosidase activity did not change significantly when normalized for the relative copy number of the lacS reporter gene by Southern hybridization (Fig. 2b). Previous Sulfolobus in vivo gene expression studies using similar SSV1-based reporter MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit gene constructs have shown that 448 bp for the TF55α promoter (Jonuscheit et al., 2003) or 241 bp for the araS promoter (Lubelska et al., 2006) are sufficient for expression of the lacS gene. A 55-bp core promoter plus an ‘ara-box’ is sufficient for expression of lacS when in a pRN2-plasmid-based

vector, but not when the ‘ara-box’ is removed (Peng et al., 2009). To determine whether the core 16S/23S rRNA gene promoter is regulated in vivo in response to the growth phase in S. solfataricus PH1, we measured the β-galactosidase activity in S. solfataricus PH1 containing the 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter–lacS gene fusion during lag, mid-exponential, and stationary growth phases. Similar constructs with the TF55α core and wild-type lacS promoters were tested to determine whether regulation is promoter specific. Sulfolobus solfataricus strains PH1 and P1 were included as negative and positive controls for β-galactosidase activity, respectively. The β-galactosidase activity did not change drastically between different phases of the growth cycle in wild-type S. solfataricus P1 or S. solfataricus PH1 containing the TF55αp–lacS fusion, indicating that the wild-type lacS promoter and the core TF55α promoter are not regulated with growth phase (Fig. 3). However, β-galactosidase activity produced by S. solfataricus PH1 containing the 16S/23S rRNAp gene–lacS fusion increased approximately threefold during exponential growth compared with lag phase (Fig.

Linearized pKMSW72 quantified spectrophotometically was used as the standard for qPCR quantification (Fig. S3). Sulfolobus solfataricus PH1 cell-free extract was the no template control. The qPCR settings were as follows: one cycle at 95 °C for 15 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 60 °C for 1 min, and 72 °C for 30 s. A melting curve was determined after the last cycle to ensure that the measured fluorescence was due to the specific product. The qPCR was performed in triplicate for all samples. In order learn more to determine whether the core promoters of the 16S/23S rRNA gene (42 bp) and TF55α genes (39 bp) were sufficient for expression of the lacS reporter gene in vivo, we measured β-galactosidase activity in cell-free extracts

of S. solfataricus PH1 (lacS∷ISC1217) (Schleper et al., 1994) transformed with viral vectors containing

the respective promoter–lacS gene fusions (Fig. 2). A construct containing 200 bp upstream of lacS was used as a positive control. Cell-free extracts from transformants with all three promoters had higher levels of β-galactosidase activity than host background activity, indicating that Epigenetic inhibitor even the 39/42 bp core promoter sequences were sufficient for lacS expression in vivo (Fig. 2a). The pattern of β-galactosidase activity did not change significantly when normalized for the relative copy number of the lacS reporter gene by Southern hybridization (Fig. 2b). Previous Sulfolobus in vivo gene expression studies using similar SSV1-based reporter Molecular motor gene constructs have shown that 448 bp for the TF55α promoter (Jonuscheit et al., 2003) or 241 bp for the araS promoter (Lubelska et al., 2006) are sufficient for expression of the lacS gene. A 55-bp core promoter plus an ‘ara-box’ is sufficient for expression of lacS when in a pRN2-plasmid-based

vector, but not when the ‘ara-box’ is removed (Peng et al., 2009). To determine whether the core 16S/23S rRNA gene promoter is regulated in vivo in response to the growth phase in S. solfataricus PH1, we measured the β-galactosidase activity in S. solfataricus PH1 containing the 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter–lacS gene fusion during lag, mid-exponential, and stationary growth phases. Similar constructs with the TF55α core and wild-type lacS promoters were tested to determine whether regulation is promoter specific. Sulfolobus solfataricus strains PH1 and P1 were included as negative and positive controls for β-galactosidase activity, respectively. The β-galactosidase activity did not change drastically between different phases of the growth cycle in wild-type S. solfataricus P1 or S. solfataricus PH1 containing the TF55αp–lacS fusion, indicating that the wild-type lacS promoter and the core TF55α promoter are not regulated with growth phase (Fig. 3). However, β-galactosidase activity produced by S. solfataricus PH1 containing the 16S/23S rRNAp gene–lacS fusion increased approximately threefold during exponential growth compared with lag phase (Fig.

The one-compartment analysis yielded similar emtricitabine exposure parameters to the noncompartmental analysis. A summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters from the noncompartmental analysis for emtricitabine antepartum and postpartum is provided in Table 2. Figure 3 depicts the median antepartum and postpartum concentration–time curves. Geometric mean (90% CI) emtricitabine pharmacokinetic parameters during the third trimester compared with postpartum, respectively, for AUC were 8.0 (7.1–8.9) mg h/L vs. 9.7 (8.6–10.9) mg h/L (P = 0.072), for CL/F were 25.0 (22.6–28.3) L/hr vs. 20.6 (18.4–23.2) L/hr (P = 0.025), and for 24 hour post dose concentration (C24)

were 0.058 (0.037–0.063) see more mg/L vs. 0.085 (0.070–0.010) mg/L (P = 0.006). All but one pregnant subject had C24 ≥0.037 mg/L,

well above the inhibitory concentration 50%, or drug concentration that suppresses viral replication by half (IC50) for emtricitabine of 0.004 mg/L and close to the IC90 of 0.051 mg/L. The lowest postpartum C24 was 0.07 mg/L, exceeding the IC90. One pregnant woman had a detectable pre-dose emtricitabine concentration, but had C24 below the limit Target Selective Inhibitor Library research buy of detection (< 0.0118 mg/L). Postpartum, four different women had pre-dose emtricitabine levels below the limit of detection but all had detectable emtricitabine concentrations at 24 hours post-dose. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected for 16 subjects; maternal plasma samples at delivery were available for 15 of the 16 subjects; emtricitabine was undetectable in three maternal and four cord blood samples. The geometric mean of the measurable maternal concentrations at delivery was 0.15 mg/L (90% tuclazepam CI 0.09–0.26 mg/L) and that of the cord blood concentrations was 0.26 mg/L (90% CI 0.17–0.39 mg/L).

The geometric mean ratio of cord/maternal concentrations in 11 paired subject samples with detectable concentrations was 1.2 (90% CI 1.0–1.5). The median time between the last dose of emtricitabine and delivery was 18.6 hours (range 2.7–50.0 hours). Overall, emtricitabine was well tolerated during pregnancy and postpartum, with only three subjects experiencing grade 3 adverse events of elevated bilirubin while taking emtricitabine. All three of these subjects were concomitantly taking atazanavir, which is known to cause hyperbilirubinaemia. Of the four subjects who discontinued emtricitabine prior to the postpartum pharmacokinetic evaluation, none indicated side effects of emtricitabine as a reason for discontinuation. Twenty-four subjects had viral loads <400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL at delivery; viral loads were missing in two subjects. At the postpartum evaluation, viral loads were < 400 copies/mL in 15 women, were ≥400 copies/mL in four women, and were not obtained in seven women.

Considerable efforts were made to ensure that neither the patients nor the dentist performing the tests were aware of which group and sequence the child HSP activation was allocated to. Blinding of the chair-side assistant was not possible, as

she was administering the drugs. The patients could probably have been aware of the sedative effect of inhalation of N2O/O2. As this is part of the pharmacological effect of the dug, it could not be disguised, but patients were carefully instructed, not to communicate with the dentist performing the tests. Furthermore, the dentist only entered the operatory, performed the tests and left the operatory again without having any communication with the patients. Thus, bias due to these factors seems to have been reduced as much as practically possible. A suggestion for further studies could be to have asked the participants to guess whether they had received placebo or N2O/O2 Alpelisib mouse as a check of the blinding. The present study was conducted as a crossover trial with random allocation to two sequences. The strength of this design

is usually considered to be an increase in statistical power, as the patient is serving as his/her own control. Power calculations performed prior to the study based on pilot data from children from the same population and of the same age showed that a minimum of 28 patients in each group was needed to identify a 25% reduction in tooth-pulp pain sensitivity for α = 0.05 and β = 0.80. Power calculations also showed that approximately 200 individuals in each group would be necessary to obtain the same power in a parallel group design. Recruiting children of 12–15 years for at study like the present proved to require considerable effort and time. Furthermore, it required complicated negotiations with authorities to obtain the required

approval for the study. Thus, any reduction in number of subjects needed selleck products can save considerable resources. In spite of the fact that N2O/O2 inhalation is commonly seen as a successful method to obtain acceptance of restorative treatment in children and adolescents, the present study has not been able to show any analgesic effect on tooth-pulp pain sensitivity, but did find a 20% reduction in pressure-induced pain of the jaw muscles, Thus, the success of N2O/O2 inhalation in restorative paediatric dental care must also be caused by other factors. First of all, the sedative effect would result in a more relaxed patient, who would react later – and maybe less precisely – on painful treatment. This is supported be the finding that the discomfort of the children from the two experimental tests was not influenced by the inhalation of N2O/O2. Secondly, many of the other unpleasant stimuli, the patient received during restorative treatment, like muscle discomfort from having to keep the mouth open for a long time, etc. may be less disturbing when sedated.