L, Z.H.W, N.Y.C, and

30600238 for L.Z, S.H.L, Q.R), and the projects from Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission(06YFSZSF01300 for B.L, find protocol L.Z, H.Z, and 07JCYBJC11200 for L.Z, B.L).We thank the EasyStar company http://​essaystar.​com/​ for their excellent English language editing. References 1. Goulden N, Langlands K, Steward C, Katz F, Potter M, Chessells J, Oakhill A: PCR assessment of bone marrow status in “”isolated”" extramedullary relapse of childhood B-pre-cursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Br J Hematol 1994, 87: 282–5.CrossRef 2. Song X, Liu X, Chi W, Liu Y, Wei L, Wang X, Yu J: Hypoxia-induced resistance to cisplatin and doxorubicin in nonsmall cell lung cancer is inhibited by silencing of HIF-1α gene. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2006, 58: 776–84.CrossRefPubMed 3. Gibson LF: Survival of B lineage leukemic cells: signals from the bone marrow microenvironment. Leuk Lymphoma 2002, 43: 19–27.CrossRefPubMed 4. Tabe Y, Jin L, Tsutsumi-Ishii Y, Xu Y, McQueen T, Priebe W, Mills GB, Ohsaka A, Nagaoka I, Andreeff M, Konopleva M: Activation of integrin-linked kinase is a critical prosurvival pathway induced in

leukemic cells by bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Cancer Res 2007, 67: 684–94.CrossRefPubMed BGB324 cell line 5. Wang L, Fortney JE, Gibson LF: Stromal cell protection of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells during chemotherapy requires active Akt. Leuk Res 2004, 28: 733–42.CrossRefPubMed 6. Konopleva M, Konoplev S, Hu W, Zaritskey AY, Afanasiev BV, Andreeff M: Stromal Rho cells prevent apoptosis of AML cells by up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Leukemia 2002, 16: 1713–24.CrossRefPubMed 7. Xu Q, Simpson SE, Scialla TJ, Bagg A, Carroll M: Survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells requires PI3-kinase activation. Blood 2003, 102: 972–80.CrossRefPubMed 8. Kubota Y, Ohnishi H, Kitanaka A, Ishida T, Tanaka T: Constitutive activation of PI3K is involved in the spontaneous

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To remove the occasional negative values, data were corrected as: Xi* = Xi+|min(total Xi)|. The new standardized mean optical density indexes were used in the statistical analyses. Haematology A small aliquot (0.2 ml) of blood collected weekly from every animal was stored in EDTA coated tubes (Sartorius, Germany) and the most common cellular components in the blood (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils and red blood cells) were quantified using the Hemavet buy MAPK Inhibitor Library 3 hematology system (Drew Scientific, USA). Quantification of cytokines gene expression in the lung Cytokine

gene expression in the lung was determined using a real-time quantitative PCR approach. For RNA extraction and purification, tissues were homogenized HDAC inhibitors cancer with a Selleckchem Akt inhibitor rotor-stator (Polytron PT 2100, Kinematica) in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). RNA was

digested with 4 U TURBO DNA-free DNase (Ambion) and residual DNA contamination was assessed by performing quantitative PCRs. 1 μg of RNA was reverse transcribed with the High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems). The resultant complementary DNA product (cDNA) was used to detect expression of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10, with Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyl Transferase (HPRT) as the housekeeping gene [41], using commercially available or custom made primers and probes (Applied Biosystems). The primer and probe sequences were based on a plasmid kindly provided by Dr. Sheila Lukehart (University of Washington, WA) [41]. The plasmid was also used to verify amplification efficiencies of

the primer probe pairs (450 μM those primers and 125 μM probe) by performing quantitative PCRs with 10-fold serial dilutions of the plasmid. The Pearson correlation coefficients between each cytokine and the housekeeping gene were always high (for all: r > 0.99). The sequences of the primer-probe pairs were as follows: HPRT (forward primer; 5′-CTCTCAACCTTAACTGGAAAGAATGTCT-3′, reverse primer; 5′- GGAAAGCAAGGTCTGCATTGTT-3′, probe 5′-6FAM-TTGCCAGTGTCAATTAT-NFQ-3′), IFN-γ (forward primer; 5′-GCTTTTCAGCTCTGCCTCATCTT-3′, reverse primer; 5′- GGTTAGTGTGTCCTGGCAGTAA-3′, probe 5′-6FAM-CAGCCGTAAGAACCC-NFQ-3′), IL-10 (Taqman assay ID; Oc03396942_m1, Applied Biosystems) and IL-4 (forward primer; 5′-ATGCACCAAGCTGATGATAGCA-3′, reverse primer; 5′-CCTCTCTCTCGGTTGTGTTCTT-3′, probe 5′-6FAM-CCCTGGCCGTCCCC-NFQ-3′). Quantitative PCRs were performed on an ABI7500 real time thermal cycler set in ‘fast’ mode for 40 cycles and using the PerfeCTa™ qPCR enzyme FastMix, UNG, Low ROX (Quanta Biosciences).

Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:4469–4475.Vorinostat PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 15. de Bruin A, Janse I, Koning M, de Heer L, van der Plaats RQJ, van Leuken JPG, van Rotterdam BJ: Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the environment during and after a large Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands. J Appl Microbiol 2013,114(5):1395–1404.PubMedCrossRef 16. Hendrix LR, Samuel JE, Mallavia LP: Differentiation of Coxiella burnetii isolates by analysis of restriction-endonuclease-digested DNA separated by SDS-PAGE. J Gen Microbiol 1991,137(2):269–276.PubMedCrossRef

Androgen Receptor Antagonist molecular weight 17. Arricau-Bouvery N, Hauck Y, Bejaoui A, Frangoulidis D, Bodier CC, Souriau A, Meyer H, Neubauer H, Rodolakis A, Vergnaud G: Molecular characterization of Coxiella burnetii isolates by infrequent restriction site-PCR and MLVA typing. BMC Microbiol 2006, 6:38.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 18. Svraka S, Toman R, Skultety L, Slaba K, Homan WL: Establishment of a genotyping scheme for Coxiella burnetii . FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006,254(2):268–274.PubMedCrossRef 19. Glazunova O, Roux V, Freylikman O, Sekeyova Z, Fournous G, Tyczka J, Tokarevich N, Kovacava E, Marrie TJ, Raoult D: Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 2005,11(8):1211–1217.PubMedCentralPubMed 20. Hornstra

HM, Priestley RA, Georgia SM, Kachur S, Birdsell DN, Hilsabeck R, Gates LT, Samuel JE, Heinzen RA, Kersh GJ, et al.: Rapid typing of see more Coxiella burnetii . PLoS One 2011,6(11):e26201.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 21. Huijsmans CJ, Schellekens JJ, Wever PC, Toman R, Savelkoul PH, Janse I, Hermans MH: Single-nucleotide-polymorphism genotyping

of Coxiella burnetii during a Q fever outbreak in The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011,77(6):2051–2057.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 22. Pearson T, Hornstra HM, Sahl JW, Schaack S, Schupp JM, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, O’Neill MW, Priestley RA, Champion MD, Beckstrom-Sternberg JS, et al.: When outgroups fail; phylogenomics of rooting the BCKDHA emerging pathogen, Coxiella burnetii . Syst Biol 2013,62(5):752–762.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 23. Keim P, Van Ert MN, Pearson T, Vogler AJ, Huynh LY, Wagner DM: Anthrax molecular epidemiology and forensics: using the appropriate marker for different evolutionary scales. Infect Genet Evol 2004,4(3):205–213.PubMedCrossRef 24. Van Ert MN, Easterday WR, Simonson TS, U’Ren JM, Pearson T, Kenefic LJ, Busch JD, Huynh LY, Dukerich M, Trim CB, et al.: Strain-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism assays for the Bacillus anthracis Ames strain. J Clin Microbiol 2007,45(1):47–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 25. Price EP, Dale JL, Cook JM, Sarovich DS, Seymour ML, Ginther JL, Kaufman EL, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM, Mayo M, Kaestli M, et al.

Figure 6 Integral distribution of pore volume for TiO 2 (1), TiO 2 -HZD-2 (2) and TiO 2 -HZD-7 (3) samples. The ratio of values is 1:3.9 for TiO2-HZD-2 and TiO2-HZD-7 membranes, respectively (here, V micr and are the volume of micropores https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-680(MK-0457).html for pristine and modified

membranes, respectively). The ratio of (here, m and m l are the mass of matrix and modified membrane, respectively) is 1:1.9. This is evidently due to different porous structures of HZD: more compact structure is attributed to the TiO2-HZD-2 sample. The volume of the ion exchanger in mass unit of the membrane has been estimated as , and the TGF-beta cancer porosity of the HZD layer was calculated using the

expression: (6) More compact HZD structure has been also found for the TiO2-HZD-2 membrane (Table 2). The surface of the ion exchanger was assumed to be proportional to the mass growth of membranes. Table 2 Parameters of globular model for the matrix and ion exchanger layer Parameter Homogeneous model Heterogeneous model   Matrix Ion-exchanger Spheres Matrix Ion-exchanger     TiO2-HZD-2 TiO2-HZD-7     TiO2-HZD-2 TiO2-HZD-7 ϵ, 0.23 0.29 0.46   – - – S, m2 kg−1 820 1.05 × 105 2.09 × 105 – - – - ϵ p – - – I – 0.03 0.42 II 0.02 0.26 0.04 III 0.21     Packing CFC or HXG Erismodegib research buy CBC SC I – CBC SC II CFC or HXG III – - , , m2 kg−1 – - – I   7.77 × 105 2.27 × 105 II 8,176 3.06 × 104 3.88 × 104 III 201 – - r g , nm 859 7 4 I – 5 3 II 86 23 20 III 3,500 -

(≈400) r n a, nm 133 (204) 1 (≤1) 1 (≤1) I – 1 (≤1) 1 (≤1) II 13 (8) 5 (8) 8 (4) III 542 (204) – (190) ADP ribosylation factor r c a, nm 355 (1,730) 2 (2) 2 (2) I – 2 (2) 2 (2) II 36 (39) 9 (8) 13 (6)         III 1,449 (1730) – (331) aExperimental values identified according to pore size distributions are given in brackets. Differential distributions of pore volume are given in Figure 7. The r values are represented as logr; the peaks are symmetric. Thus, the plots can be resolved by Lorentz functions. Since , the peak area gives the pore volume caused by each type of particles. Calculation of porous structure according to globular models Both homogeneous and heterogeneous globular models were applied to relate the maxima either to the matrix or to ion exchanger. The models have been developed by A.P. Karnaukhov; their main principles are described in [12–14]. Parameters of the models are radii of globules (r p), pore necks (r n) and pore cavities (r c); the values of surface and porosity are also used. The magnitudes of r n and r c are calculated using special factors for each type of globule packing: r n = 0.41r p and r c = 0.73r p for simple cubic (SC), r n = 0.22r p and r c = 0.29r p for body-centred cubic (BCC), and r n = 0.15r p and r c = 0.41r p for hexagonal (HXG) or face-centred cubic packing (FCC).

Med J Aust 1973, 1:1051–1057.PubMed 36. Tissot Dupont H, Raoult D, Brouqui P, Janbon F, Peyramond D, Weiller PJ, Chicheportiche C, Nezri M, Poirier R: Epidemiologic features and clinical presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients: 323 French cases. Am J Med 1992, 93:427–434.PubMedCrossRef 37. Gikas A, Kofteridis DP, Manios A, Pediaditis J, Tselentis Y: Newer macrolides as empiric treatment for acute Q fever

infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:3644–3646.PubMedCrossRef 38. Chang K, Yan JJ, Lee HC, Liu KH, Lee NY, Ko WC: Acute hepatitis with or without jaundice: a predominant presentation of acute Q fever in southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004, 37:103–108.PubMed 39. Tissot-Dupont H, Amadei MA, Nezri M, Raoult D: Wind in November, Q fever in December. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10:1264–1269.PubMedCrossRef SB431542 mouse 40. Astobiza I, Barral M, Ruiz-Fons F, Barandika JF, Gerrikagoitia X, Hurtado A, García-Pérez AL: Molecular

investigation of the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii in wildlife and ticks in an endemic area. Vet Microbiol 2011, 147:190–194.PubMedCrossRef 41. Cinco M, Luzzati R, Mascioli M, Floris R, Brouqui P: Serological evidence of Rickettsia infections in forestry rangers in north-eastern Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006, 12:493–495.PubMedCrossRef 42. Pascual-Velasco F, Carrascosa-Porras M, Martínez-Bernal MA, Jado-García I: Fiebre Q tras picadura de garrapata. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2007, 25:360.PubMedCrossRef 43. Rolain JM, Gouriet F, Brouqui P, Larrey D, Janbon F, SB202190 in vitro Vene S, Jarnestrom V, Raoult D: Concomitant or consecutive infection with Coxiella burnetii and tickborne diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:82–88.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions IJ, HG, RE and PA participated in the design of the study. CCR, MB, JLPA and NFR studied clinical and environmental dipyridamole samples from Canary Islands suspected of C. burnetii infection and provided the positives to the Centro Nacional de Microbiología-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII) for molecular analysis. JFB, IA and ALGP studied ABT 737 livestock and tick samples from the Basque Country and provided the

positives to the CNM-ISCIII for characterization. AT and ASO studied environmental samples from Madrid and provided the positives to the CNM-ISCIII for characterization. BS and FLG studied livestock samples from Catalonia and provided the positives to the CNM-ISCIII for molecular analysis. FPV and GC studied samples from Q fever patients and provided the positives to the CNM-ISCIII for molecular analysis. IJ, CGA and MRV participated in the culture and manipulation of the isolates in the BSL3 laboratory. IJ and PA designed the method of characterization. IJ, RE, CGA, BL and MRV evaluated and carried out the genotyping method. HG and PA performed the phylogenetic analysis. IJ, HG, RE and PA participated in the interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript.

Many organisms have homologous type IV secretion systems, including the pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 (VirB), Helicobacter pylori (CAG; ComB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (TraS/TraB), Bordetella pertussis (Ptl), E. coli (Tra), Legionella pneumophila (Dot) [25] and the nitrogen-fixing plant mutualist Mesorhizobium

loti [26]. While these systems may share functional similarities, not all systems contain the same sets of genes [27]. The only common protein is VirB10 (TrbI) among all characterized systems [17]. Although type IV secretion systems have garnered attention because of roles in pathogenesis, it is important to point out that not all bacteria have a T4SS. Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 has been the model system for Selonsertib price studying the T4SS. The VirB system from A. tumefaciens C58 is capable of exporting DNA-protein complex from its Ti plasmid into the host [25]. The main virulence mechanism is to inject T-DNA into the host to cause cancerous growth or the formation Tucidinostat in vitro of crown gall tumors, which then produce opines as carbon and energy sources for the pathogen. The major components of the T4SS in A. tumefaciens C58 are VirB2-VirB11 and VirD4. VirB1 is responsible for the remodeling of the peptidoglycan via the activity of lytic transglycosylase. The majority

of the VirB proteins are responsible for forming the structure complex of the secretory machinery, which is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP. Type V secretion system There are three sub-classes of the type V secretion machinery (T5SS). The archetypal bacterial proteins secreted via the T5SS (and dubbed the T5aSS sub-class) consist of an N-terminal passenger domain from 40 Kd to 400 Kd in size and a conserved C-terminal domain, which forms a beta barrel (reviewed in [28–31]). The proteins are synthesized with an N-terminal signal peptide that directs their export into the periplasm via the Sec machinery. The beta barrel can insert into the outer membrane and is required for translocation of the passenger domain into the extracellular space. In some cases, such as adhesins, the passenger domain remains attached to the beta barrel and the protein remains anchored in the outer

membrane. Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 In other cases, the passenger domain is cleaved from the beta barrel and forms a soluble hydrolytic enzyme or toxin. These proteins have been called auto-transporters because the C-terminal domains form a beta barrel with the potential to form a pore through which the N-terminal domain could pass [28–31]. More recent TEW-7197 price detailed structural studies however suggest that the barrel is incapable of transporting the passenger domain by itself [30]. A helper protein, perhaps Omp85/YaeT, has been hypothesized to facilitate translocation across the outer membrane [30]. A second sub-class of proteins secreted via the T5SS process, dubbed T5cSS proteins, are trimeric proteins in which a single beta barrel is formed by contributions from all three polypeptides.

The dilution factor used for the crude extract of the complemented strain K-12 Δaes pACS2 was 40 times greater than that of the parent and mutant strains due to overexpression of the aes gene on the plasmid. This did not allow us to detect esterase A in the complemented strain, whereas it was clearly visible for the K-12

and K-12 Δaes strains. Fig. S2: Kaplan-Meyer curves showing the comparative scores of virulence in the mouse model of septicaemia as a function of the presence or absence of Aes in the K-12 strain CP673451 (blue line), CFT073 strain (green line and squares), CFT073 Δaes:Cm strain (red line and circles) and CFT073 Δaes strain (violet line and triangles). Mice inoculated with K-12 strain were still alive at day 7. (PPT 61 KB) Additional file 2: Supplemental Tables. A table describing the genes surrounding the aes gene. Table S1: List of genes of the strain CFT073 and their characteristics within a total region of 150 kbp surrounding the aes gene. The aes gene and its characteristics are highlighted in red. Table S2: Parsimonious models, and their estimated parameters, selected by the Akaike criterion (jMODELTEST version 0.1.1, written by Posada, 2008, available at http://​darwin.​uvigo.​es/​software/​jmodeltest.​html) used for each tree reconstruction. (DOC 258 KB) References 1.

Donnenberg M:AZD5582 order Escherichia coli virulence mechanisms of a versatile pathogen. San Diego, California 2002. 2. Selander RK, Levin BR: Genetic diversity and structure in Escherichia coli populations. Science ON-01910 datasheet 1980,210(4469):545–547.CrossRefPubMed 3. Herzer PJ, Inouye S, Inouye M, Whittam TS: Phylogenetic distribution of branched RNA-linked multicopy single-stranded DNA among natural isolates of Escherichia coli. Tolmetin J Bacteriol 1990,172(11):6175–6181.PubMed 4. Desjardins P, Picard B, Kaltenbock B, Elion

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Results T-RFLP analysis of the impact of cage type on intestinal microbiota The microbiota in ileal and caecal samples from the first experiment were characterised by creating individual

T-RFLP fingerprint profiles for each sample. Profiles were generated on the basis of the number of Terminal Restriction Fragments (T-RFs) in the range of 60 – 850 bp. The relationship AUY-922 concentration between two profiles could then be Tideglusib ic50 calculated by pair wise comparisons as a Dice similarity coefficient (SD), however to compensate for the variation between individual comparisons, the mean of the SD values was calculated and used to compare cage groups. The Dice coefficients from the first experimental study are shown in Table 1. In ileum, the highest Dice score was found between samples within same cage, and especially CC and AV diverged clearly from each other (SD 54.3 ± 9.6) with FC being in between, sharing profiles with both the other cages (CC SD 67.4

± 9.9 and AV 66.8 ± 11.4). When sampling was done 4 weeks later, higher SD values were calculated within cage, while values between cages were in the range 65.5-67.5. This shows that layers sharing the same environment also had comparable ileal microbiota, and this similarity increased over time. The height of the T-RF peaks reflected BTK inhibitor cost the prevalence of individual species in the microbiota. Ileum was characterized by having the same 3-4 dominating T-RFs in all cage groups, but other individual T-RFs were also present. Before

inoculation 10.5 ± 1.7 different T-RFs were detected in CC, while FC had 6.5 ± 2.7 and AV 7.3 ± 3.5. These were maintained throughout the study, although an increase was found in AV (10.7 ± 2.7). The four most dominating T-RFs in all samples were 393 bp, 406 bp, 597 bp, and 550 bp. These T-RFLP fragments could be equated with by different Lactobacillus species by in silico digest of 16S rDNA. Although the total number of detectable T-RFs remained constant in the ileum, an inverted relationship was found between one group of T-RFs: 406 bp, 606 bp and 550 bp which decreased 6-phosphogluconolactonase in height, whereas as a new and unidentified T-RF 813 bp emerged. This shift was primarily found in layers from FC and a few layers from other cages, and this may explain some of the differences observed in SD between cages. Table 1 Comparisons of T-RFLP profiles of microbiota in the ileum and caecum of layers housed in different cage systems Before Inoculation         Mean SD Location Cage n T-RF Conventional Furnished Aviary Ileum Conventional 4 10.5 ± 1.7 70.5 ± 12.4 – -   Furnished 4 6.5 ± 2.7 67.4 ± 9.9 65.9 ± 7.5 –   Aviary 4 7.3 ± 3.5 54.3 ± 9.6 66.8 ± 11.4 72.3 ± 7.0 Caecum Conventional 4 39.5 ± 6.6 66.4 ± 6.0 – -   Furnished 4 39.8 ± 4.2 60.8 ± 3.5 75.1 ± 6.0 –   Aviary 4 52.7 ± 23.5 38.6 ± 6.3 38.5 ± 4.8 45.4 ± 14.

The samples were immediately frozen at -80°C. Wound topology Eight VLU chosen because they were particularly large and recalcitrant to healing had a MediRule II template (Briggs Corporation, Des Moines, IA) placed over the wound and the wound was outlined on the template grid. Multiple areas of the wound were chosen on the templates grid system and a variety of sample points chosen arbitrarily, which represented edge and center portions of the wound. Once these areas were marked on the template BIX 1294 and the wound, the wound was then prepared. This was

done by using see more normal saline irrigation along with a cotton gauze to gently remove surface debris. None of the wounds required local anesthesia and the areas that had been identified on the wound (as marked on the template) were then sampled. Individual sterile stainless steel curettes were used to debride an approximately 1.0 cm diameter sample of the biofilm

down to the host tissue. Any bleeding at the sample sites was controlled with pressure. The patients reported no additional discomfort from the procedure. The samples were individually placed in separate PF477736 datasheet sterile 2 cc Eppendorf tube (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA), labeled with the patient’s study accession number and grid location. The samples were then frozen at -80°C until subsequent molecular analysis. DNA extraction After thawing, the debridement samples were centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 30 seconds and resuspended in 500 μl RLT buffer (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) (with β-mercaptoethanol).

A sterile 5 mm steel bead (Qiagen, Valencia, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase CA) and 500 μl sterile 0.1 mm glass beads (Scientific Industries, Inc., NY, USA) were added for complete bacterial lyses in a Qiagen TissueLyser (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), run at 30 Hz for 5 min. Samples were centrifuged briefly and 100 μl of 100% ethanol added to a 100 μl aliquot of the sample supernatant. This mixture was added to a DNA spin column, and DNA recovery protocols were followed as instructed in the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) starting at step 5 of the Tissue Protocol. DNA was eluted from the column with 30 μl water and samples were diluted accordingly to a final concentration of 20 ng/μl. DNA samples were quantified using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Nyxor Biotech, Paris, France). Massively parallel bTEFAP and bTEFAP titanium Bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) was performed as described previously [9] at the Research and Testing Laboratory (Lubbock, TX.). The new bacterial tag-encoded FLX-Titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTETAP) approach is based upon similar principles to bTEFAP but utilizes Titanium reagents and titanium procedures and a one-step PCR, mixture of Hot Start and HotStar high fidelity taq polymerases, and amplicons originating from the 27F region numbered in relation to E. coli rRNA. The bTEFAP procedures were performed at the Research and Testing Laboratory (Lubbock, TX) based upon RTL protocols http://​www.​researchandtesti​ng.​com.

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