Immunoblot analyses were performed according to a previously published procedure [24]. Proteins of interest in liver homogenates were resolved using a 9% or 12% gel and developed using an ECL chemiluminescence system (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK). Total RNA was extracted using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA,USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To

obtain cDNA, total RNA (1 μg) was reverse-transcribed using an oligo(dT)16 primer. The cDNA was amplified using a high capacity Selleckchem PF 2341066 cDNA synthesis kit (Bioneer, Daejon, Korea) with a thermal cycler (Bio-rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with STEP ONE (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using a SYBR green premix according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Applied Biosystems). Primers were synthesized by Bioneer. The following primer sequences were used: mouse SREBP-1 5′- GAGGCCAAGCTTTGGACCTGG-3′ (sense) and 5′- CCTGCCTTCAGGCTTCTCAGG-3′ (antisense); mouse FAS 5′- ATTGCATCAAGCAAGTGCAG-3′ (sense) and 5′- GAGCCGTCAAACAGGAAGAG-3′ (antisense); mouse ACC 5′- TGAAGGGCTACCTCTAATG-3′ (sense) and 5′- TCACAACCCAAGAACCAC-3′ selleck chemical (antisense); mouse PPARα 5′- CTGCAGAGCAACCATCCAGAT-3′ (sense) and 5′- GCCGAAGGTCCACCATTTT

-3′ (antisense); and mouse Sirt1 5′-ATCGGCTACCGAGACAAC-3′ (sense) and 5′- GTCACTAGAGCTGGCGTGT-3′ (antisense). The relative level of PCR products was determined on the basis of the threshold cycle value. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as a reference

gene for normalization. Melting curve analysis was done after amplification to verify the accuracy of the amplicon. One-way analysis of variance was used to assess significant differences among treatment groups. The Newman–Keuls test was used for comparisons of group means. Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM-SPSS Statistics ver. 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) for Windows software. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation. The criterion for statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 or p < 0.01. We first evaluated the effects of RGE on EtOH-induced steatosis. To induce alcoholic steatosis, we adopted the most commonly Carbohydrate used voluntary feeding model with the Lieber–DeCali diet containing EtOH (Fig. 1A). After 4 weeks of alcohol feeding, serum ALT and AST levels were significantly increased. The EtOH-induced elevation in ALT and AST was notably decreased by concomitant treatment with 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg RGE (5 times/week, per os; Fig. 1B). To verify the effects of RGE on alcoholic steatosis, we performed histopathological analysis of changes in fat accumulation. Hepatic steatosis was observed in all of the EtOH-fed groups. However, alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis was markedly and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg RGE ( Fig. 1C). Our data verified that RGE treatment improves alcohol-induced fatty liver.

The present results are consistent with this, since we first observed that the acute administration of (PhTe)2 in rats elicited hyperphosphorylation of GFAP, vimentin and NF subunits, evidencing a response of the cytoskeleton of astrocytes and neurons, Galunisertib research buy to the action of the neurotoxicant. Accordingly, NFLSer55 appeared to be a specific amino-terminal phosphorylation site targeted by (PhTe)2, PKA being

the most prominent protein kinase mediating this effect. It is important to note that PKA (Ser-55), PKC (Ser-51) and PKCaMII (Ser-57) phosphorylation sites are relevant for filament assembly. Furthermore, the phosphate present in Ser55 of NF-L is turned over rapidly following NF-L synthesis in neurons (Sihag and Nixon, Selleck Decitabine 1991), suggesting a possible role in the blockade of NF assembly before their transport into neurites. Like NF-L, PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the head

domain of GFAP inhibits filament assembly or induces disassembly (Hisanaga et al., 1994). Therefore, our results showing NF-LSer55 hyperphosphorylation suggest a key role of (PhTe)2 on IF dynamics preventing filament assembly and disassembling preexisting filaments. It is known that carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation of NF-H progressively restricts the association of NFs with kinesin, the axonal anterograde motor protein, and stimulates its interaction with dynein, the axonal retrograde motor protein (Motil Methocarbamol et al., 2006). This event could represent one of the mechanisms by

which carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation would slow NF axonal transport. Consistent with this, MAPK phosphorylates NF-M and NF-H tail domains at specific carboxyl-terminal located KSP repeats (Veeranna et al., 1998) and alters the association of NF with motor proteins (Yabe et al., 2000). It is feasible that extensively phosphorylated KSP repeats on NF-M and NF-H as well as MAPK (Erk, JNK and phospho38MAPK) activation we found in the striatum of (PhTe)2-treated rats could interfere with NF axonal transport and contribute, at least in part, to the neuronal damage provoked by the neurotoxin. Taking into account the present findings, we are tempted to speculate that disruption of cytoskeletal homeostasis in the striatum of injected rats, could be related with the neurodegeneration provoked by the (PhTe)2. This hypothesis is supported by the evidence that p38MAPK and JNK signaling pathways are supposed to act synergistically upstream of mechanisms leading to apoptotic neuronal death in different models of neurodegeneration (Muscella et al., 2011). To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal loss in acutely (PhTe)2 injected rats, we assayed the caspase 3 activity and we found that this caspase is activated 6 days after exposure.

This is the first report to examine the effects of WT1 splice variants on tumorigenic activity using an ovarian cancer mouse model. We established stable SKOV3ip1 cell lines overexpressing each of the four WT1 variants (− 17AA/− KTS, + 17AA/− KTS, − 17AA/+ KTS, or + 17AA/+ KTS) using lentiviral constructs and found that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumor growth, dissemination, and ascite production and shortened survival. We also found that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS induced the expression of VEGF and that anti-VEGF antibody inhibited the tumor growth and ascites formation enhanced by WT1 − 17AA/− KTS overexpression.

Collectively, these data indicated that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS enhanced tumorigenicity through up-regulation of VEGF and induced cellular transform into a more aggressive phenotype in ovarian HDAC inhibitor cancers. The WT1 gene was initially identified as a tumor buy TSA HDAC suppressor gene due to its inactivation in Wilms’ tumor (nephroblastoma), the most common pediatric kidney tumor [33]. However, recent findings have shown that WT1

acts as an oncogene in some tumors, including ovarian cancers [6], [7], [8], [9], [10] and [11]. Several studies have reported that the four WT1 splice variants have different functions in various cancers. For example, WT1 − 17AA/− KTS has been shown to induce morphological changes and promote cell migration and invasion in ovarian cancer (TYK) cells [20]. In mammary cells, WT1 + 17AA/+ KTS causes a morphological transition from an epithelial to a more mesenchymal phenotype [25]. Our in vivo data showed no difference in histological findings in cells expressing each of the four WT1 variants ( Figure 2B). We also examined the function of WT1 splice variants on cell invasion in vitro using SKOV3ip1 cells transduced with lentiviral constructs

containing an empty (control) vector or each WT1 variant. All isoforms enhanced cell invasion compared with the control, and there was no significant difference among each of the four WT1 splice variants Methamphetamine (data not shown). Our in vivo data showed that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumor growth, dissemination, and ascite production in ovarian cancers. This result was consistent with a previous study demonstrating that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increases tumor growth through EGR-1 up-regulation in adenovirus-transformed baby rat kidney (AdBRK) cells in vivo [32]. In contrast, several studies have shown that WT1 variants act as tumor suppressors. WT1 − 17AA/–KTS and + 17AA/− KTS suppress the invasive ability of lung cancer cells by regulating p21 expression  [34]. Moreover, WT1 − 17AA/− KTS suppresses proliferation and induces a G2-phase cell cycle arrest in mammary epithelial cells [25]. Thus, each of the four WT1 variants has distinct functions depending on the cancer type. Our data suggested that WT1 − 17AA/− KTS increased tumorigenic activity and acted as an oncogene in ovarian cancers.

A case of phase error in the HIRLAM predictions of cyclonic development over Baltic Sea was spotted on 2.12.2009. This situation needs further analysis to identify the causes of the phase error. Nonetheless, it illustrates the potential of ASCAT measurements for identifying such a phase shift error over open sea areas and may help in the development of better deterministic models in the future. “
“In recent years extreme precipitation events have generated a lot of media attention. According to the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) selleck kinase inhibitor (Trenberth et al. 2007), the Earth’s surface temperature has been rising and that rise is accelerating.

In line with the characteristics of global temperature rise, Klein Tank et al. (2002) note that the European rate check details of change was also the highest in the last quarter of the 20th century. A warmer climate results in an increase in extreme weather events (Hennessy et al. 1997, Watterson 2005, Tebaldi 2006). This is partly because warmer air holds more water vapour, which is directly connected to the amount of precipitation (Trenberth 2003), and partly due to the increased energy budget. Even more so, Karl & Knight (1998) showed that extreme precipitation events are increasing at a relatively faster rate than moderate precipitation events. The same results are seen

in the study by Groisman et al. (1999), who showed that the changes in heavy precipitation are disproportionately high compared to the rise in the monthly mean. Extreme weather in turn causes great economic damage (Nutter 1999): extreme precipitation events cause floods, mudflows and erosion. Significant increasing trends in Estonian air temperature (1951–2000) were found not only

for the cold season monthly means but also for the whole cold period (NDJFM) by Jaagus (2006). As a rule, however, the trends in monthly mean precipitation differ from station to station, displaying no clear tendency to rise or fall in any month or season (Jaagus 2006). Researchers investigating Estonian precipitation extremes have obtained contradictory results. Tammets (2007) found that the annual number of the sum of extreme wet and dry Prostatic acid phosphatase days indicated a rising trend of extremes in the precipitation regime of Estonia in 1957–2006. Merilain & Post (2006) and Mätlik & Post (2008) investigated heavy precipitation (> = 50 mm per 24 h) events recorded at Estonian stations in 1961–2005 but did not find any conspicuous trend in the number of events. One reason for the different conclusions lies in the different definition of extremely wet days: 50 mm for daily precipitation is a very high threshold for the Estonian climate and does not provide a sufficient number of cases for proper statistical study. Moreover, there are stations where 50 mm was not exceeded in the period under investigation.

These findings corroborate the evidences that the high frequency of suicidal ideation among women who experience a rape-induced pregnancy reduces significantly after the abortion.1 Undoubtedly, all care provided by a skilled and attentive staff, greatly help the recovery of the woman. Advances in public policies for women are encouraging and promising in Brazil, but the number and distribution of health services performing legal abortion is still insufficient to ensure equal opportunity for all women.17 The invisibility of sexual violence Raf inhibitor during attendance

is also related to the difficulties of professionals dealing with GDC-0941 ic50 the subject, due to a moralistic attitude of society in the face of the difficulties in handling with issues of sexuality. Often, health professionals, when in the care of women who have suffered an act of sexual violence, try to shift the “problem” to other services,

the judiciary, the public safety sector or social service institution. Many of these professionals are not trained to deal with the testimonies of sexual violence of women, which reinforces the need for the guidance of legal and regulatory instruments, such as constitutional rules, code of Amoxicillin professional ethics, federal laws, ministerial decrees, agreements and international human rights.11 Jakovski et al. (2011)18 emphasized that incest victims are rapidly changing physically and psychologically and may suffer serious consequences in their further development.

Therefore, if an abortion is to be performed it is being best to be done in the early stage of the first trimester. Incest may be the most extreme form of sexual abuse involving adult-child. Forward and Buck (1989)19 claimed that it is powerful and its devastation is greater than that of non-incestuous sexual violence against children, because it falls within the constellations of emotions and family conflicts, with an expression of complex family dynamics. The child no longer feels safe even in her own bed, being forced to learn to live with incest. The aggressor is always present and incest is a constant horror for the victim. Literature has reported different important aspects that involve an abortion procedure after rape, but there is no clear evidence of which factors are directly associated to the late search for abortion.

As for the moisture content data, there is no correlation was observed between the plasticizer and the studied drying conditions, because the data variation is small: between 12 and 13.9 for the films plasticized with glycerol (Table 1) and 9.2 and 10.7 for the films plasticized with sorbitol (Table 2). According to the statistical analysis of the WVP experimental

Neratinib order values listed in Tables 1 and 2, the linear, quadratic, and interaction parameters of drying temperature (X1) and relative humidity (X2) are not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Therefore, the WVP of amaranth flour films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol does not depend on the drying process. On the other hand, the WVP of flour films prepared with sorbitol is lower than that of glycerol-containing films (Tables 1 and 2). The better water vapor barrier CX-5461 supplier properties of edible films containing sorbitol as plasticizer compared with those of the films containing glycerol might be due to the fact that sorbitol is less hygroscopic (Kowalczyk & Baraniak, 2011). The

difference between both plasticizers in terms of WVP values was also reported by several authors in the case of protein films (Gennadios, Weller, Hanna, & Froning, 1996; Kowalczyk & Baraniak, 2011; McHugh, Aujard, & Krochta, 1994; Wan, Kim, & Lee, 2005). According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the second-order models obtained for the drying time, represented as equations (14) and (15), are statistically significant (p < 0.05) and predictive (Fcalculated > Flisted). Therefore, the drying time data ( Tables 1 and 2) are adequately correlated with T (X1) and RH (X2). For glycerol: equation(14) t=7.59−2.23X1+0.31X12+2.63X2+0.90X22(R2=0.90)

For sorbitol: equation(15) t=6.88−1.92X1+0.37X12+2.60X2+0.81X22−0.50X1X2(R2=0.99) The drying time corresponds to the time required for the films plasticized with glycerol or sorbitol to reach a moisture content of 3.04 g H2O/g db (Tables 1 and 2). Vildagliptin As drying to those final moisture contents virtually takes place during the constant rate period, the drying rate is controlled by heat and mass transfer in the external gas phase. Hence, the drying time is almost a linear function of the T and is inversely related to the RH (figure not shown). The water sorption isotherms of flour films plasticized with glycerol or sorbitol as plasticizer are presented in Fig. 5. The experimental data obtained for these films at 30 and 40 °C fit by the GAB model well. The parameters for the GAB equation are summarized in Table 3. All the water sorption curves of the films are sigmoid in shape, revealing a slower increase in the equilibrium moisture content until aw 0.6; thereafter, there is a dramatic increase in the slope of the isotherm, indicating the presence of non-bound or free-state water associated with enhanced solubilization ( Hernández-Muñoz, Kanavouras, Ng, & Gavara, 2003; Su et al., 2010). For the films containing sorbitol, at lower aw (<0.

Hence, patients with persisting arterial occlusions

and excessive sleepiness can be particularly vulnerable to the steal. In the first two reports describing RRHS no further END was observed in patients with intracranial arterial steal that were treated with non-invasive ventilatory correction. [27] and [31] Moreover, early noninvasive ventilatory correction in AIS patients has been shown to be safe and feasible in a recent pilot study [33]. In view of the former considerations, it has been hypothesized that: (i) RRHS may provide a missing link between the respiratory status and END in ACI with history of obstructive sleep apnea [34] TCD can reliably detect in real-time asymptomatic microembolic signals (MESs) in cerebral circulation that are characterized as “High Intensity Transient Signals” (HITS) [35], [36], [37], [38] and [39]. Asymptomatic Epacadostat solubility dmso cerebral embolization can be detected by TCD in 7–71% of patients with ACI (Fig. 5) [35], PD-1 antibody inhibitor [36], [37], [38] and [39]. The prevalence of MES is highest in patients with large-artery atherosclerotic stroke with cardioembolic infarction being the second most common stroke subtype with concomitant asymptomatic microembolization. MES are rarely identified in patients with lacunar stroke. The number of MES detected by TCD negatively correlates to the elapsed time from symptom onset

in patients with ACI [35], [36], [37], [38] and [39]. In other words, the sooner TCD-monitoring is performed from symptom onset the higher the yield of ultrasound detection of MES. MES have been shown to

predict recurrent stroke risk in acute stroke, symptomatic carotid stenosis and postoperatively after CEA (Table 1) [35]. MES may also predict first-ever stroke risk in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (Table 1) [36]. More specifically, MES detection by TCD-monitoring increases the risk of recurrent stroke by almost ten-fold (OR: 9.6; 95%CI: 1.5–59.3) in patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis (Table 1). Similarly, MES detection by TCD-monitoring increases Aspartate the risk of ipsilateral stroke by almost seven-fold (OR: 6.6; 95%CI: 2.9–15.4) in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (Table 1). Consequently, MES have been used for risk stratification and assessment of therapeutic efficacy in the former conditions [35], [36], [37] and [39]. Hao et al. have recently shown that MES have been associated with END and worsening of neurological deficit in patients with ACI due to large artery atherosclerosis [38]. Iguchi et al. have also reported that the presence of MES at 48 h after symptom onset was associated with recurrence of cerebral ischemia on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) independent of underlying stroke subtype, [40] while MES detection on baseline TCD-monitoring has been related to the presence of multiple infarction on baseline DWI [35] and [38].

Only for zonal circulation does the variability Trametinib in vitro in ND and JF jointly decrease: for meridional circulation the variability of cloud reflectance decreases from JF8589 to JF9699 but increases from ND8589 to ND9699. This could be due, for example, to two processes: an increase in BC emissions within the study area, and the advection of pollution from southern or eastern Europe outside the study area under consideration. The major

tendencies described above for three four-year episodes for the zonal and meridional circulation classes are well reproduced even if we analyse only two-year episodes. The result points to the dominant influence of pollution and not to changes

in circulation. In winter the most pronounced radius effect occurred during JF for both the zonal and meridional circulations. This can be explained by the influence of sulphate layers in the more frequently stable atmospheres. The maximum albedo decrease of 7.8% is due to the meridional circulation type in highly polluted regions, which show a comparably low JFND8589 reflectance. A more detailed analysis PCI-32765 research buy for the area around Leipzig reveals that the cloud albedo effect is stronger for stratus clouds than for cumulus clouds (Krüger et al. 2004). The results for summer also support the conclusion of an anthropogenic influence over the most polluted part of central Europe including Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. The highest decrease in reflectance, by more than 4%, occurred in areas with the highest SO2 concentrations during the late 1980s. Remote regions RAS p21 protein activator 1 show, as for winter, a much weaker decrease in reflectance of only 1%. The stronger changes for the meridional circulation could be due to a lesser air mass exchange and a subsequent accumulation of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary

layer. A very interesting result emerges for coastal areas: the cloud albedo is increasing towards the 1990s but decreasing in areas of maximum sulphate concentration during the 1980s. This phenomenon is seen in the more frequent unstable weather situations during MJ, when advection of aerosol particles from source regions to the coastal areas is enabled by meridional circulation. The result may suggest that the number concentration of fine particles in parts of central Europe may have increased from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. The identification of cloud albedo changes as a consequence of pollution changes over Europe provided the motivation for investigating whether anthropogenic aerosol particles could even change cloud dynamics. The general hypothesis was that if anthropogenic aerosols do exert an influence on cloud dynamics, this should be detectable in the areas of strongest cloud albedo changes.

, 2002 and Matés et al., 2008). Redox active metals may undergo cycling reactions participating in the transfer of electrons between metals and substrates and therefore may play an important role in the maintenance of redox homeostasis, a phenomenon tightly linked with metal homeostasis (Lindeque et al., 2010). Disruption of metal homeostasis may lead uncontrolled metal-mediated formation

of deleterious free radicals participating in the modifications to DNA bases, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and altered calcium and sulphydryl homeostasis (Gutteridge, 1995 and Valko et al., 2007). Humans may be exposed to redox-inert elements such as cadmium and arsenic which have no known biological Docetaxel purchase function and are even known to be toxic at low concentrations. In contaminated areas, exposure to these elements arises from a variety of natural sources, including air, drinking water Trametinib cell line and food. While redox active metals undergo redox-cycling reactions, for the group of redox-inert elements, the primary route for their toxicity and carcinogenicity is depletion of glutathione, bonding to sulphydryl groups of proteins and other mechansisms of action (Speisky et al., 2008, Sinicropi et al., 2010 and Peralta-Videa et al., 2009). All these aspects of metals acting in biological systems

Staurosporine make the purpose of this paper to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the following: the role of redox-active metals, namely iron, copper, chromium, cobalt and redox-inert metals cadmium and arsenic in the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and their involvement in the development of human disease and ageing.

A special attention is paid to the anti-inflammatory role of the redox-inert metal zinc. Iron occurs in the oxidation states +II and +III. The ferrous ions are soluble in biological fluids and generate in the presence of oxygen damaging hydroxyl radicals. The ferrous ions are unstable in aqueous media and tend to react with molecular oxygen to form ferric ions and superoxide anion radical. The oxidized form of iron is insoluble in water at neutral pH and precipitates in the form of ferric hydroxide (Jones-Lee and Lee, 2005). Paradoxically, despite the fact that both iron ions, ferrous and ferric are so inaccessible, iron is the key catalytic site of many of the enzymes and oxygen-transporting proteins in cells. Although iron is vital for life, it can be toxic when it is present in excess (Lee et al., 2006a). Iron homeostasis is a complex process, as there are many different proteins that respond not only to the total body burden of iron, but also to stimuli such as hypoxia, anemia and inflammation.

Stąd obserwuje się wzrost spożycia pokarmów w barach szybkiej obsługi, wzrost spożycia słodyczy, napojów słodzonych. Z tego względu asortyment sprzedawanych w sklepikach szkolnych pokarmów w głównej mierze stanowią produkty typu fast food, słodycze i słodkie napoje. Wyniki dalszych badań własnych przedstawiające korelacje między oferowanymi a kupowanymi produktami w sklepikach szkolnych w Rzeszowie

wskazują, że uczniowie, mimo że mieli wybór potencjalnie zdrowych produktów w sklepikach szkolnych, nie kupowali ich zbyt chętnie [24]. Hindin i wsp. [25] wykazali, że podatność dzieci na reklamę zależy od wykształcenia rodziców. Lepiej wykształceni rodzice częściej robili komentarze do reklam, ucząc dzieci, czym są reklamy, co w konsekwencji zaowocowało większą na nie odpornością. W OTX015 chemical structure 1992 roku Amerykańska Akademia Pediatrii zasugerowała, że nadawanie w telewizji reklam produktów spożywczych skierowanych

do dzieci powinno być zabronione, ponieważ dzieci są nieprzygotowane do właściwego wyboru reklamowanych produktów i nie rozumieją relacji między wyborem spożywanego pokarmu a utrzymaniem stanu zdrowia lub zapobieganiu chorobom [26]. Potrzeba wprowadzenia międzynarodowych regulacji dotyczących Selleck Vemurafenib reklam żywności wysokokalorycznej i o niskiej wartości odżywczej została zasygnalizowana w 2004 roku przez WHO w dokumencie (Global Strategy on Diet Physical Activity and Health). W krajach, takich jak: Dania, Norwegia, Szwecja i Finlandia, ustawowo eltoprazine zabroniono koncernom spożywczym sponsorowania

programów dla dzieci, a w Szwecji i Norwegii zakazano reklam skierowanych bezpośrednio do dzieci poniżej 12. roku życia. Zabroniono również przerywania reklamami programów skierowanych do dzieci [27]. Unia Europejska także wprowadziła minimalne przepisy dotyczące regulacji prawnej kierowania reklam do dzieci dla 27 państw członkowskich. Art. 9 pkt 2 dyrektywy 2010/13/UE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady Europy z dnia 10 marca 2010 r. w sprawie koordynacji niektórych przepisów ustawowych, wykonawczych i administracyjnych państw członkowskich dotyczących świadczenia audiowizualnych usług medialnych (Audiovisual Media Services Directive) stanowi próbę ochrony dzieci przed reklamami niezdrowej żywności i napojów w programach dla dzieci. Zgodnie z nim, państwa członkowskie i Komisja zachęcają dostawców usług medialnych do opracowania sposobów postępowania wobec niestosownych praktyk handlowych przekazów audiowizualnych, towarzyszących programom dla dzieci lub zawartych w nich, a dotyczących żywności oraz napojów zawierających składniki odżywcze i substancje o działaniu odżywczym lub fizjologicznym, zwłaszcza takie jak tłuszcze, kwasy tłuszczowe trans, sól/sód i cukry, których nadmierne spożycie w ramach ogólnej diety nie jest wskazane [28].