Resulting extracts were administered to mallards by oral gavage. Our KU-57788 inhibitor findings indicate that the methanol extracts of hydrilla collected from the AVM-affected site induced the disease in laboratory mallards. This study provides the first data documenting for an “”extractable”" AVM-inducing agent. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 362-368,

2009.”
“Hypothesis: To investigate the localization of apoptotic cells and the lamellar bone structure in mastoid bone tissue, focusing on the mechanism of the development of mastoid pneumatization in humans.

Background: The biological mechanism of poor development of the mastoid air cells found in patients with otitis media (OM) has not yet been fully clarified, as there have been few immunohistochemical research studies to examine the cell biology involved.

Methods: We evaluated the localization of apoptotic cells and the lamellar bone structure in 112 human mastoid bones harvested during various ear surgeries from 57 patients with OM and 55 patients without OM. We used the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method and a polarizing microscope for observing the apoptotic cells and lamellar bone structure, respectively.

Results: The TUNEL-positive cell ratio in an arbitrary 500 cells in the specimen (apoptotic index: AI) was 13.8 in the healthy group and 1.2 in the OM group (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001). From their localization, these

apoptotic cells were considered to be osteocytes. Cell Cycle inhibitor The observation of lamellar structures revealed many eroded surfaces in the circumference of the appositional bone in the healthy group. In contrast, apposition of bone without an eroded surface was evident in the bone circumference in the OM group.

Conclusion: Apoptosis of osteocytes was significantly suppressed

in the mastoid bone of the OM patients. Apoptotic osteocytes may be one of the signals of bone resorption in the process of development of the mastoid air cells. The lamellar structure of the mastoid bone suggested that poor development of the mastoid air cells was caused by decreased resorption of the appositional bone.”
“Rationale and aim: Foreign bodies (FB) aspiration, ingestion, insertion or inhalation can be a serious occurrence, resulting ABT-263 supplier in fatality if not promptly recognized and solved. The aim of the current paper is to present foreign body ingestion’s cases observed at the Children’s Hospital Gutierrez in Buenos Aires in 5 years of ORL activity and to compare main findings with data coming from other well known already published case series.

Methods: A prospective study was realized on children having ingested, inhaled, aspirated or introduced FBs, with regard to age and sex distribution, FB’s type, dimensions and consistency, FB’s location, clinical presentation, removal and occurrence of complications.

Results: FBs retrieved amounted to 2336 cases. The most common location was the nose (66.

The intra-examiner and inter-examiner kappa coefficient, sensitivity, and specificity were determined for all detection methods at enamel lesions (D1 threshold). Degrees of agreement of each method MDV3100 inhibitor with the histological

status were calculated using receiver operating characteristic statistics and the area under curve (Az values). The kappa intra-examiner/inter-examiner coefficient values (mean +/- SD) were 0.74 +/- 0.04/0.73 +/- 0.07, 0.87 +/- 0.04/0.82 +/- 0.07, and 0.91 +/- 0.06/0.83 +/- 0.08 for clinical examination, DIAGNOdent pen, and VistaProof, respectively. The sensitivity for ICDAS was 0.80-0.86, for DIAGNOdent pen was 0.66-0.75, and for the VistaProof device was 0.97. The specificity for all the detection methods were 0.5 (0.02-0.99). The accuracy value for ICDAS was 0.76-0.81, for DIAGNOdent pen 0.66-0.71, and for the VistaProof device 0.92-0.95. Nutlin 3 The Az values (mean +/- SD) were 0.431 +/- 0.187, 0.583 +/- 0.215, and 0.486 +/- 0.207 for ICDAS, DIAGNOdent pen,

and VistaProof examination, respectively. No significant differences in Az values were noted among the methods. All detection methods were presented with high inter-examiner and intra-examiner agreement. The new VistaProof device showed the best sensitivity, while DIAGNOdent pen demonstrated the worst one. Specificities were the same for all detection methods. Moreover, they presented the same performance in detection of incipient occlusal selleck products caries.”
“Hypothesis: Oral voriconazole is a viable alternative modality treatment to traditionally used intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of malignant otitis externa (MOE).

Background: The incidence of MOE is on the rise, more so in Saudi Arabia where diabetes mellitus is endemic. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common offending organism, we are observing an increasing number of fungal MOE, in particular, Aspergillus species. The clinical findings in these

patients can be quite different from those of the classic gram-negative bacteria.

Methods: Chart review of patients with a diagnosis of MOE who underwent oral voriconazole treatment.

Results: Three cases of Aspergillus MOE are reported in detail, pointing the pitfalls in clinical findings, diagnosis, and management of this entity.

Conclusion: Oral voriconazole proved to be an excellent alternative modality treatment in this population of patients with MOE.”
“Background: The “”drip and ship”" approach for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is becoming the standard of care for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in communities without direct access to a stroke specialist. We aimed to demonstrate the safety of our “”drip and ship”" IVT protocol. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with AIS treated with IVT between January 2003 and January 2011.

Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) increased significantly during the period of MMF monotherapy, from 37 +/- 10 to 44.7 +/- 15 mL/min/1.73 GNS-1480 concentration m(2) at 6 months (p = 0.001) corresponding to a benefit of +17.4% in renal function. eGFR stabilized or improved in 86.5%, 81% and 79% of cases, and chronic renal dysfunction worsened in 13.5%, 19% and 21% of cases, at 6, 12 and 24 months after CNI withdrawal, respectively. Only two patients experienced acute rejection. MMF monotherapy may be efficient at reversing/stabilizing

CRD, and appears relatively safe in terms of liver graft function in long-term liver-transplanted patients. However, clinicians must bear in mind the potential risk of rejection and graft loss, and should be very cautious in the management of such ‘difficult-to-treat patients’.”
“A series of polycrystalline MgB(2) samples were prepared with different amounts of nanosized CeO(2) inclusions. Samples were subjected to x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy characterization. We found that nano-CeO(2) inclusions affect the lattice parameters as well as the microstructure of MgB(2) superconductor. An increase in the lattice parameters a and c was observed due to nanoinclusions up to 2 wt %. The morphology of the surface of pure samples reveals a considerable number of weak-links, randomly oriented

grains and clean grain boundaries. While in samples with nanoinclusions, grain surfaces KU-57788 molecular weight and boundaries were decorated with nanosized CeO(2) particles and low traces of secondary phases. A reduction in the average grain size and roughness https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD1152-HQPA.html was also

observed for samples with highest inclusions. The superconducting properties have been measured using the magnetization measurement M(H) in magnetic field up to 5 T. Significant enhancement of the superconducting critical current density J(c) and the pinning force F(p) in applied magnetic field was observed due to nano-CeO(2) addition. However, no considerable change in the transition temperature T(c) and transition width was observed. These results were interpreted in terms of the scaling of the flux pinning in granular superconducting networks which leads to a better basic understanding of the performance of MgB(2) system in relatively high applied magnetic fields.”
“Background: Pre-dialysis education can guide the choice of the dialysis modality best tailored to meet the needs and preferences of individual patients with chronic kidney disease.

Methods: In a retrospective single-center cohort study, we evaluated the impact of a pre-dialysis education program on the incidence rates of patients using hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) in our unit. The frequency distribution of dialysis modalities between people attending our education program and people not attending the program (control group) was analyzed for the 4-year period 2004 – 2008.

The Ca2+ dynamics

models used are (1) a single Ca2+ pool; (2) two Ca2+ pools, respectively, for the fast and slow transients; (3) detailed Ca2+ dynamics with buffers, pump, and diffusion; and (4) detailed Ca2+ dynamics with buffers, pump, and diffusion compensation. Our results show that detailed Ca2+ dynamics models have significantly better control over Ca2+-activated K+ channels and lead to physiologically more realistic simulations of Ca2+ spikes and bursting. Furthermore, the compensating mechanism largely eliminates the effect of removing diffusion from the model on Ca2+ dynamics over multiple time scales.”
“”"Eight-and-a-half” syndrome is “”one-and-a-half” syndrome (conjugated horizontal gaze palsy and internuclear MK-2206 ophthalmoplegia) plus ipsilateral fascicular cranial nerve seventh palsy. This rare condition, particularly when isolated, is caused by circumscribed lesions of the pontine tegmentum involving see more the abducens nucleus, the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the adjacent facial colliculus. Its recognition is therefore of considerable diagnostic value. We report a 71-year-old man who presented with eight and a half

syndrome associated with contralateral hemiparesis and hemihypesthesia, in which brain magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed a lacunar pontine infarction also involving the corticospinal tract and medial lemniscus. These features could widen the spectrum of pontine infarctions, configuring a possible “”nine” syndrome.”
“A new steroidal saponin was isolated from the bulbs of Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. On the basis of chemical conversions and detailed analyses of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra

including 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, its structure was established as 3-[(O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 3)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-O-[O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 SNX-5422 in vitro -> 3)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)oxy]2,6-dihydroxy-(2 alpha,3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta,25R)-spirostane. Results of the present study indicated that the steroidal saponin showed haemolytic effects in the in vitro assays and demonstrated antiinflammatory activity and gastroprotective property using in vivo models. (C) 2011 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVE: To report the sublingual microcirculation observed using Sidestream Dark Field imaging in two children with dengue shock.

METHOD: Two children, aged 9 and 10 years, were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with dengue shock and multiple organ dysfunction. Sublingual microcirculation was assessed in each patient on the first and second days of shock and was assessed a final time when the patients were no longer in shock (on the day prior to extubation) using Sidestream Dark Field technology. The De Backer score and microvascular flow index were used for the analyses.

3%); for the HM/HGI group, 2.1% (-5.8%, 10.7%); for the HM/LGI group, -3.5% (-10.6%, 4.3%); for the LF/HGI group, -8.6% (-15.4%, -1.1%); and for the LF/LGI group, 9.9% (2.4%, CH5183284 molecular weight 18.0%). Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations decreased with SFA reduction. Decreases in TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were greater with LGI. Fat reduction

lowered HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 and B concentrations.

Conclusions: This study did not support the hypothesis that iso-energetic replacement of SFAs with MUFAs or carbohydrates has a favorable effect on Si. Lowering GI enhanced reductions in TC and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in subjects, with tentative evidence of improvements Integrin inhibitor in Si in the LF-treatment group. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN29111298. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:748-58.”
“The inverse spin-Hall effect (ISHE) induced by the spin pumping has been investigated systematically in simple ferromagnetic/paramagnetic bilayer systems. The spin pumping driven by ferromagnetic resonance injects a spin current into the paramagnetic layer, which gives rise to an electromotive force transverse to the spin current using the ISHE in the paramagnetic

layer. In a Ni(81)Fe(19)/Pt film, we found an electromotive force perpendicular to the applied magnetic field at the ferromagnetic resonance condition. The spectral shape of the electromotive force is well reproduced using a simple Lorentz function, indicating that the electromotive force is due to the ISHE induced by the spin pumping; extrinsic magnetogalvanic effects are eliminated in this measurement. The electromotive force varies systematically by changing the microwave power, magnetic-field angle, and film size, being consistent with the prediction based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation combined with the models of the ISHE and spin pumping. The electromotive force was observed also in a Pt/Y(3)Fe(4)GaO(12) film, in which the metallic Ni(81)Fe(19) layer click here is replaced by an insulating Y(3)Fe(4)GaO(12)

layer, supporting that the spin-pumping-induced ISHE is responsible for the observed electromotive force. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3587173]“
“Biliary strictures after live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are frequent and difficult to manage. The outcomes of surgical correction of biliary anastomotic complications remain unclear. Clinical outcomes of patients requiring surgical revision of their biliary anastomosis following LDLT were analyzed. Of 296 consecutive right lobe LDLTs, approximately 21% of patients developed biliary strictures. Of these patients, twelve required surgical revision of a biliary anastomotic stricture. For patients who had operative repair, the average time from transplantation to stricture diagnosis was 7.6 months. Mean time to surgical correction was 8.2 months from the time of stricture diagnosis.

Lastly, using fluorescent staining, we examined fibronectin and collagen I expression in TMJ discs. We compared the fluorescent PF-04929113 price staining and fight microscopy results of both proteins within each disc to confirm fibronectin and collagen I expression.

Results: Disc specimens with advanced morphologic pathology showed significant labeling

for fibronectin in 3 of 3 cases and for collagen I in 4 of 4 cases. There was no considerable difference in detection of either fibronectin or collagen I in TMJ synovial aspirates from patients with advanced disc pathology compared with controls.

Conclusions: The levels of fibronectin and collagen I in the TMJ disc and synovial fluid may be influenced by the stage of disease. The results did not provide a clear understanding of fibronectin and collagen I involvement with tissue repair in closed-lock cases. Detection of fibronectin fragments may provide more meaningful results. (c) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“Late onset find more is a common hallmark character of numerous disorders including human neurodegenerative maladies such as Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Why these diseases manifest

in aged individuals and why distinct disorders share strikingly similar emergence patterns were until recently unsolved enigmas. During the past decade, invertebrate-based studies indicated Small molecule library screening that the insulin/IGF signalling pathway (IIS) mechanistically links neurodegenerative-associated toxic protein aggregation and ageing; yet, until recently it was unclear whether

this link is conserved from invertebrates to mammals. Recent studies performed in Alzheimer’s mouse models indicated that ageing alteration by IIS reduction slows the progression of Alzheimer’s-like disease, protects the brain and mitigates the behavioural, pathological and biochemical impairments associated with the disease. Here, we review these novel studies and discuss the potential of ageing alteration as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of late onset neurodegeneration.”
“Size dependent current-voltage measurements were performed on InGaAs quantum dot active region mesa diodes and the surface recombination velocity was extracted from current density versus perimeter/area plots using a diffusion model. An effective surface recombination value of 5.5 x 10(4) cm/s was obtained that can be reduced by more than an order of magnitude by selective oxidation of Al(0.9)Ga(0.1)As cladding layers. The values are three times smaller than those obtained for a single quantum well. The effect of p-type doping in the active region was investigated and found to increase the effective surface recombination. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.

Aim: The objective of this study is to assess NNT, numbers needed to treat to harm and corresponding confidence intervals for radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with Quizartinib price prostate cancer defined as a PSAV <= 2 ng/ml/year.

Methods: NNT following RP were estimated in risk groups defined by PSAV using mortality statistics and hazard ratios obtained in a noncontrolled trial. As no suited control group and no appropriate randomized trials were available for doing this calculation and as such trials are unlikely to become available in the near future we have calculated our NNTs as published previously by using relative risk reduction from an earlier randomized trial (RCT) comparing RP with watchful waiting (WW) [Can J Urol GSK461364 concentration 2006;13(suppl 1):48-55]. Results: For preoperative PSAV >2 ng/ml/year, NNT for RP were estimated at 25, whereas for preoperative PSAV <= 2 ng/ml/year, the estimate was 618. The lower 95% confidence limits (NNTBI) were 9 and 126, respectively (treatment with benefit). The implications emerging from these findings are discussed by comparison with published NNT values from other RCTs. The lower 95% confidence limit for preoperative PSAV <= 2 ng/ml/year was found to be large in comparison. Conclusion: The NNT estimate obtained here for PSAV >2 ng/ml/year and its lower 95% confidence interval is comparable to values in other studies on prostate cancer for therapies

considered to be effective, while the estimated NNT for patients with PSAV <= 2 ng/ml/year is large in comparison. We conclude that the benefits of RP for localized prostate cancer with preoperative PSAV 5 2 ng/ml/year may be considered small. There are several limitations to our findings, the most important of which lies in the fact that while PSAV remains significantly associated with

outcomes, the predictive value of PSA measurements is low. While PSAV >2 ng/ml/year clearly indicates a need for surgery, a PSAV <= 2 ng/ml/year should imply further decision making. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger buy Z-VAD-FMK AG, Basel”
“Background: The median age at thelarche in Thai girls has decreased from 10.3 to 9.4 years over the last 20 years. An age at thelarche of 7.0-9.0 years, which is earlier than in the general population, is considered as early puberty.

Objective: To study the pattern of pubertal development in Thai girls with early puberty.

Study design: A total of 104 girls with breast development at 7.0-9.0 years who attended Songklanagarind Hospital between 2003 and 2005 were followed up until they attained their near-final height (NFH).

Results: The mean age at initial evaluation was 8.5 +/- 1.0 years. The average age at menarche and on attaining NFH was 10.2 +/- 0.9 and 12.6 +/- 0.4 years, respectively. The average NFH was 154.0 +/- 4.9 cm, which was similar to the target height of 153.1 +/- 4.8 cm. Comparison of girls who were normal weight and obese (weight-for-height > 120 %) revealed that the latter had an earlier age at menarche (9.

In the current study, the possible effects of polymorphisms in TNF-alpha and TNF-beta genes

on SSNHL are evaluated. Two genetic polymorphisms in the TNF locus ( TNF-alpha -308 G –> A and TNF-beta +252 A –> G) were investigated as risk factors for SSNHL by determining their prevalence in 97 SSNHL patients and in 587 controls. A significant increase was found for the TNF-beta allele 1 in SSNHL patients compared with the controls (chi(2) = 7.251, P = .007, odds ratio [OR] = 1.534, confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-2.10). These findings suggest that the TNF-beta +252 locus plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of SSNHL.”
“The aim of the present study was to explore the cogrinding technique as a tool to slow down the drug release from capsule formulations. To this end, the A-1155463 physical mixtures of theophylline-magnesium stearate were prepared and subjected to different milling times (1, 15, 30, 120 min). In order

to investigate the effect of magnesium stearate concentration on drug release, various concentrations of magnesium stearate (1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%, w/w) were used. The dissolution rate of the drug from coground samples and physical mixtures were determined at pH 6.5 according to USP. The results showed that all coground formulations showed slower release rates than their physical mixture counterparts. The Stem Cell Compound Library effect of cogrinding time on the drug release was complex. Cogrinding time had no significant effect on drug release when the amount of magnesium stearate was 1% (w/w). When the amount of magnesium stearate was increased from 1% to 3% and cogrinding time increased from 1 to 5 min, there was a significant reduction in drug release. Beyond 5-min cogrinding, the drug release increased again. For coground samples containing 5% or 10% (w/w) magnesium stearate, generally, the highest drug release was obtained at higher cogrinding time. This was due to a significant increase in surface area of particles available for dissolution as proven

by scanning electron microscopy results. Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry results ruled out any significant interaction between theophylline and magnesium stearate in solid state.”
“Objective: Aortic valve HSP990 sclerosis (AVS) is a progressive disease that is characterized by aortic valve thickening without causing significant narrowing and in which pathology resembles atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between AVS and platelet indices including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution weight (PDW), and platelet count. Method: Two hundred ten patients who were evaluated in the echocardiography unit due to various reasons between January and October 2008 were consecutively included in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to presence or absence of AVS. The patient group consisted of 150 patients (76 females and 74 males; mean age, 64.5 +/- 11.5 years).

Removal of 20 to 35% of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was achieved within 42 days. The molecular fingerprinting performed with 16S-PCR analysis associated with denaturing gradient gel

electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to evaluate changes in the pattern of the bacterial community for all experimental conditions tested. The results revealed that the use of urea caused a smaller change in the dominant bacterial community structure than the treatments using nitrate, showing that this analysis can be a useful complementary tool to evaluate the impact of treatment strategies applied to hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.

CONCLUSIONS: These new solid phase bioreactors showed satisfactory results in the tropical soil bioremediation process, proving that the homogenization system interferes with crude oil SNX-5422 biodegradation efficiency. This new technology can be used as an isolated treatment as well as in association with other classically employed bioremediation technologies. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Background: Weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in specialized weaning units has been demonstrated to be safe and cost-effective. Success rates and outcomes

vary widely, probably relating to patient factors and unit expertise.

Methods: An audit was undertaken of patients admitted for weaning from IMV at the Austin Hospital Ventilation Weaning CP-868596 datasheet Unit (VWU) between March 2002 and January 2008. Weaning success, complications and GW786034 supplier both in-hospital and long-term mortality were examined and regression analysis was undertaken to examine factors related to these outcomes.

Results: Seventy-eight patients were admitted to the VWU after a median of 27 days of IMV at their referring centre. Weaning success rate (ventilator free or nocturnal non-invasive ventilation only) was 78.2% (n = 61). Inpatient mortality was 10.2% (n = 8) and serious complications were infrequent. Progressive neuromuscular disease (odds ratio 0.10) and sepsis during admission to the VWU(odds

ratio 0.09) were predictive of weaning failure at discharge. Overall survival at 12 months following discharge from the VWU was 66.7% (n = 52) with most survivors residing in the community. Increasing age (hazard ratio 1.93), referral from rural or outer metropolitan centres (hazard ratio 3.57 and 2.37 respectively) and a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with increased long-term mortality.

Conclusion: High rates of weaning success with infrequent complications and low mortality were achieved in this specialized non-intensive care unit-based weaning unit. The VWU may provide a useful template for the development of similar units elsewhere.”
“BACKGROUND: Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash is regarded as hazardous waste because it contains various toxic metals. A previous study has shown that fly ash can be detoxified by removal of heavy metals.

No clear association between SFA intake relative to refined carbohydrates and the risk of insulin resistance and diabetes has been shown. The effect of diet on a single biomarker is insufficient evidence to assess CHD risk. The combination of multiple biomarkers and the use of clinical end-points could help substantiate the effects on CHD. Furthermore, the effect of particular foods on CHD cannot be predicted solely by their content of total SFAs because individual SFAs may have different cardiovascular effects and major SFA food sources contain other constituents that could influence CHD risk. Research is needed to clarify the role of SFAs compared with specific forms of carbohydrates in CHD risk and

to compare specific foods with appropriate alternatives. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:684-8.”
“During H 89 mouse the past 3 decades, cochlear implants have dramatically influenced Deaf education and the Deaf Community. They have also served as catalysts for discord between some members of the Deaf Community and advocates of the technology. In this article, I do not intend to support either side of the spoken English versus sign language debate. Instead, I will discuss ethical and practical issues related to cochlear implants. More specifically, I will address the nature and notion of deafness and

selleck chemicals llc the purpose of Deaf education. Although many authors have discussed these issues, they have mostly done so from the perspective of hearing scholars and the hearing parents of deaf children. It is important to recognize that understanding deafness and the experience of life from a Deaf individual’s perspective has important implications for further educational policy and practice.”
“A quantum-design approach to reduce the Auger losses in lambda = 2 mu m InGaSb type-I quantum well BIIB057 in vivo edge-emitting lasers is reported. Experimentally realized structures show a similar to 3 x reduction in the threshold, which results in 4.6 x lower Auger current loss at room temperature. This is equivalent to a carrier lifetime improvement of 5.7 x and represents about a 19-fold reduction in the equivalent “”Auger coefficient.”" (C) 2011

American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3646552]“
“Background: The potential combined effects of public policy tools-such as calorie information and taxes on highly caloric foods-on purchasing behavior are rarely studied. Furthermore, these tools are rarely studied in the context of individual differences (eg, dietary restraint), which may play a key role in their effectiveness.

Objective: The current study tests the combined effects of providing calorie information and increased taxes on the total number of calories purchased for lunch. Furthermore, these public policy tools were investigated in the context of high-and low-restrained eaters.

Design: University students (n = 178) had to choose lunch from a menu 3 different times.