“
“In this study, alkaline lignin (AL), dealkaline lignin (DAL), and lignin sulfonate (SL) were liquefied in phenol with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrochloric

acid (HCl) as the catalyst. EPZ004777 nmr The phenol-liquefied lignins were used as raw materials to prepare resol-type phenol-formaldehyde resins (PF) by reacting with formalin under alkaline conditions. The results show that phenol-liquefied lignin-based PF resins had shorter gel time at 135 degrees C and had lower exothermic peak temperature during DSC heat-scanning than that of normal PF resin. The thermo-degradation of cured phenol-liquefied lignin-based PF resins was divided into four temperature regions, similar to the normal PF resin. When phenol-liquefied lignin-based PF resins were used for manufacturing plywood, most of them had the dry, warm water soaked, and repetitive boiling water soaked bonding strength fitting in the request of CNS 1349 BTSA1 chemical structure standard for Type 1 plywood. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011″
“Limited evidence is available on the safety

and efficacy of anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with concomitant hypertension. We investigated the safety and efficacy of 476 consecutive anticoagulated Chinese outpatients with non-valvular AF and hypertension. Occurrence of ischaemic stroke and major bleeding, and international normalized ratio (INR) values during these events were recorded. There was no significant difference in anticoagulation control between patients with or without hypertension. INR-specific incidence rates of the events were calculated, which showed no excessive risk for ischaemic stroke (2.5 vs 1.6% per year, P = 0.22) or major bleeding (3.9 vs 3.2% per year, P = 0.29) in non-valvular AF patients with or without hypertension. In multivariate analysis, congestive heart failure, smoking and high CHADS2 score were independent predictors for ischaemic stroke, whereas

use of antiplatelet agents was an independent predictor for bleeding. It can be noted that hypertension was not associated with ischaemic stroke PF-00299804 supplier or major bleeding. Hypertensive patients who achieved target blood pressure control (<130/80 mm Hg) had a lower ischaemic stroke (0.9 vs 3.1% per year, P = 0.01), but similar bleeding risk compared with those not achieving target blood pressure. Our findings demonstrate the effects of hypertension on the outcomes of warfarin therapy; further investigation is needed to clarify whether more aggressive antihypertensive therapy could result in better outcomes in hypertensive patients with non-valvular AF. Journal of Human Hypertension (2011) 25, 304-310; doi:10.1038/jhh.2010.57; published online 1 July 2010″
“A tuberculous spinal epidural abscess is seen rarely as a late complication of Pott’s disease or in immunocompromised patients. Such abscesses in isolation are rare indeed and very uncommon in the developed and developing world.

Both subjective and anatomical outcomes are required to assess the outcome of both traditional and new prolapse procedures.”
“Background: There is probable evidence that some types of fruit and vegetables provide protection against many cancers.

Objective: We hypothesized that fruit and vegetable intakes are inversely related to the incidence of total cancers among women and men

aged >50 AZD6738 solubility dmso y.

Design: We performed a prospective study among the cohort of the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. We merged the MyPyramid Equivalents Database (version 1.0) with food-frequency-questionnaire data to calculate cup equivalents for fruit and vegetables. From 1995 to 2003, we identified 15,792 and 35,071 cancer cases in 195,229 women and 288,109 men, respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate multivariate relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs associated with

the highest compared with the lowest quintile (Q) of fruit and vegetable intakes.

Results: Fruit intake was not associated with the risk of total cancer among women (RR(Q5) (vs) (Q1) = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.05; P trend = 0.059) or men (RR(Q5) (vs) (Q1) = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.02; P for trend = 0.17). Vegetable intake was not associated with risk of total cancer among women (RR(Q5) (vs) (Q1) = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.09; P for trend = 0.084), but was associated with a significant decrease in risk in men (RR(Q5) (vs) (Q1) = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.97; P trend = 0.004). This significant finding among men was no longer evident when learn more we limited the analysis to men who never smoked (RRQ5 vs Q1 0.97; 95% CI: 0.91,

1.04; P for trend = 0.474).

Conclusions: Intake of fruit and vegetables was generally unrelated to total cancer incidence in this cohort. Residual confounding by smoking is a likely explanation for the observed inverse association with vegetable intake among men. AZD4547 inhibitor Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 347-53.”
“Study Design. This study investigates the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the structural integrity of vertebral bone in healthy rats.

Objective. To determine the short-term (1 week) and intermediate term (6 weeks) effects of a single PDT treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of vertebral bone.

Summary of Background Data. Spinal metastasis develops in up to one-third of all cancer patients, compromising the mechanical integrity of the spine and thereby increasing the risk of pathologic fractures and spinal cord damage. PDT has recently been adapted to ablate metastatic tumors in the spine in preclinical animal models. However, little is known about the effects of PDT on the structural integrity of vertebral bone.

Methods. A single PDT treatment was administered to healthy Wistar rats at photosensitizer and light doses known to be effective in athymic rats bearing human breast cancer metastases.

Both markers were amplified in 14% and deleted in 5% of the cases. This is the first report of genomic deletions of MYC in breast cancer.”
“AIM: To identify vascular abnormalities in patients presenting with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).

METHODS: We performed a whole-body MR angiography and a duplex sonography of the renal and carotid arteries in 12 patients

(9 women, 3 men) with SCAD to identify vascular abnormalities.

RESULTS: MR angiography revealed abnormalities of the renal arteries in 3/12 patients (25%). All 3 patients were women, 2 presented with changes suggesting fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 1 had a spontaneous renal artery dissection. No other vascular abnormalities were identified in any of the patients. Duplex sonography confirmed MR findings and showed non-significant renal artery stenoses in both patients with FMD.

CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities of the renal arteries were found in 3/12 (25%) click here LGX818 MAPK inhibitor of the patients with SCAD. No other vascular abnormalities were identified. Additional diagnostic tests of the renal arteries such as renal artery angiography or duplex sonography may be considered in patients presenting with SCAD.”
“Diabetes in young is increasing in prevalence with each decade. Phenotypic features like obesity and acanthosis nig-ricans characterize type 2 diabetes, whereas autoimmune diseases like vitiligo and hypothyroidism

suggest type 1 diabetes. We recently encountered a young boy with vitiligo who presented with hyperglycemia, but not associated with ketonuria and has underlying chronic pancreatitis with secondary diabetes. We report the case for its unusual presentation and etiology of the diabetes.”
“The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of kinesio tape and physical therapy modalities in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Patients (n = 55) were treated with kinesio tape (n = 30) three times by intervals of 3 days or a daily program of local modalities (n = 25) for 2 weeks. Response to treatment was evaluated with the Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scale. Patients were questioned for

the night selleck chemical pain, daily pain, and pain with motion. Outcome measures except for the Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scale were assessed at baseline, first, and second weeks of the treatment. Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scale was evaluated only before and after the treatment. Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scale and visual analog scale scores decreased significantly in both treatment groups as compared with the baseline levels. The rest, night, and movement median pain scores of the kinesio taping (20, 40, and 50, respectively) group were statistically significantly lower (p values were 0.001, 0.01, and 0.001, respectively) at the first week examination as compared with the physical therapy group (50, 70, and 70, respectively).

Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis caused

by CMV infection has been reported very rarely in the literature. Here, a case with a very rare clinical form of CMV infection, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities LY2606368 manufacturer and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes, is described, and the relevant literature is reviewed. This case report aims to highlight the possibility of CMV infection to be a cause of cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.”
“This is the case of a young male suffering from Austrian syndrome, which is the triad of endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia due to invasive S. pneumoniae infection. He reported recurrent fever for six months without any antibiotic treatment, which may have determined the further course of the syndrome. Echocardiography revealed massive native valve endocarditis, and the patient was considered for ultima-ratio cardiac surgery. Intraoperative aspect presented extensive affection of the aortic root with learn more full destruction of aortic valve, mitral valve, and aortomitral continuity. The myocardium showed a phlegmon-like infiltration. Microbiologic testing of intraoperatively collected specimens identified penicillin-sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae is a very uncommon cause for infective infiltrative

endocarditis and is associated with severe clinical courses. Austrian selleck screening library syndrome is even more rare, with

only a few reported cases worldwide. In those patients, only early diagnosis, immediate antibiotic treatment, and emergent cardiac surgery can save lives. (C) 2012 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.”
“Objective To determine concentrations of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) in serum of healthy bitches during various stages of the reproductive cycle and in bitches with hyperadrenocorticism and to compare the dynamics of 17OHP with those of progesterone.

Design Prospective evaluation study.

Animals-15 healthy sexually intact bitches and 28 spayed bitches with hyperadrenocorticism.

Procedures-11 healthy bitches were evaluated during estrus, nonpregnant diestrus, and anestrus (group 1); 4 other healthy bitches were evaluated during pregnancy and after ovariohysterectomy (group 2). Cycle stages were determined via physical examination, vaginal cytologic evaluation, and serum progesterone concentration. Bitches with hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated once at the time of diagnosis (group 3). Serum hormone concentrations were determined with immunoassays.

Results In group 1, the serum 17OHP concentration was significantly higher in diestrus (median, 1.8 ng/mL) than in estrus (median, 1.1 ng/mL) and anestrus (median, 0.2 ng/mL) and higher in estrus than in anestrus.

This success was followed by establishment of the Transplantation Institute of the Warsaw Medical Academy in 1975, which facilitated the scientific and clinical growth of nephrology and transplantation in Poland. He also introduced and established scientific evidence for the use of immunosuppressive therapy for glomerular diseases. The heritage of Tadeusz Orlowski is broader than nephrology. His legacy will continue through the work of the

many who learned from his example.”
“Femoroacetabular impingement is a relatively recently described cause of hip pain that involves degenerative change in the hips of younger patients (less than thirty-five years old) as a result of predisposing pathoanatomy. The two types of impingement, cam and pincer, often occur together and overlap to varying degrees. selleck compound The diagnostic workup begins with radiography, but magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance arthrography provide more accurate imaging

that characterizes not only the pathoanatomy but also other associated findings, including labral tears and cartilage damage.”
“Two Greek manuscripts have preserved a short treatise On the Diagnosis of Kidney Pathologies and Their Treatment attributed to Galen. In the present article, I study the content of this work and suggest that it may describe the effect of gout on the kidneys, unless it describes pseudog-out, that is, chondrocalsinosis of kidneys. On this basis, I suggest learn more that the treatise is not by Galen, but by the 15th-century Byzantine physician Demetrios Pepagomenos.”
“Computer navigation of total hip arthroplasty and computer simulation of hip motions based on collision detection were both introduced more than ten years ago. Neither of these promising technologies has achieved its full potential to improve patient outcomes. SN-38 nmr Combining these two technologies

allows the individual strengths of each to more easily demonstrate hip kinematics in a clinically useful way. All normal and pathologic combined hip motions must be clearly and accurately reported to fully evaluate the kinematics involved in total hip arthroplasty, femoroacetabular impingement syndrome, and other hip disorders. The use of three-dimensional data graphs allows for a rapid and thorough evaluation of the very large data sets that are required for the purpose of making a complete report of all combined hip motions. Data can be obtained from simulations made with use of high-resolution computed tomographic scans and computer-aided implant-design files or from clinically obtained motion analysis on fresh cadavers or normal subjects. The use of these methods and graphics allows for the thorough evaluation of the geometries of current implant designs and will help improve future implant designs.

Our objective was to evaluate coronary vasoreactivity in young people with type 1 diabetes with and without microvascular complications.

Methods and results: Twenty-five type 1 diabetic patients without microvascular

selleckchem complications (DC-), 23 with microvascular complications (DC+), and 18 control subjects (C) were studied. Coronary vasoreactivity was assessed by means of coronary flow reserve (CFR). Blood flow velocity in the left anterior descending coronary artery was measured at rest and after high-dose dipyridamole using transthoracic color-guided pulsed Doppler echocardiography. CFR was defined as the ratio of hyperaemic to resting diastolic peak flow velocities.

The three groups had similar cardiac function parameters, and also systolic and diastolic blood pressure at

rest, which remained unchanged during dipyridamole infusion. Resting coronary flow velocity was comparable in C, DC-, and DC+ (p = ns). Dipyridamole infusion produced a threefold increase in coronary diastolic peak velocity, which reached similar values in C (0.69 +/- 0.16 m/s), DC- (0.69 +/- 0.18 m/s), and DC+ (0.66 +/- 0.11 m/s). Mean CFR ratio was similar in C (3.33 +/- 0.66), DC- (3.30 +/- 0.51), and DC+ (3.24 +/- 0.60). At multiple linear Acalabrutinib research buy regression analysis, no association was found between CFR and age, sex, HbA(1c), duration of diabetes, and complications.

Conclusion: Coronary vasodilatory function is preserved in young D patients, even those with early microvascular complications, suggesting that coronary vasoreactivity deteriorates at more advanced stages of microvascular complications and/or in the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The secreted Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkopf1 (Dkk1) plays

key role in vertebrate head induction. Its receptor Kremen synergizes with Dkk1 in Wnt inhibition. Here we have carried out expression and functional studies of the Dkk and Kremen genes in amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri). During embryonic and larval development, BbDkk1/2/4 is expressed in the posterior mesoendoderm, anterior somatic mesoderm and the pharyngeal regions. Its expression becomes restricted to the pharyngeal Selleck Batimastat region on the left side at larval stages. In 45 h larvae, BbDkk1/2/4 is expressed specifically in the cerebral vesicle. BbDkk3 was only detected at larval stages in the mid-intestine region. Seven Kremen related genes were identified in the genome of the Florida amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), clustered in 4 scaffolds, and are designated Kremen1-4 and Kremen-like 1-3, respectively. In B. belcheri, Kremen1 is strongly expressed in the mesoendoderm during early development and Kremen3 is expressed asymmetrically in spots in the larval pharyngeal region. In luciferase reporter assays, BbDkk1/2/4 can strongly inhibit Wnt signaling, while BbDkk3, BbKremen1 and BbKremen3 can not.

Moreover, we correlate this website the HLA-DR expression according the transvaginal ultrasonography findings.

We studied operative and pathologic reports of 113 women who underwent laparoscopic or laparotomy treatment of endometrioma or adenomyosis. Tissues from 51 women with endometrioma and 62 women with adenomyosis were

retrospectively evaluated. The distribution and intensity of the HLA-DR immunostaining was assessed using electron microscopy. Pathologic finding of the uterine junction zone and the size of endometrioma were evaluated with the laparoscopic results and the ultrasound findings.

In adenomyosis tissues, the percentage of HLA-DR cells expression was significantly higher in stromal cells (83.9%) compared to glandular cells (25.8%), (p < 0.001). The number of HLA-DR-positive endometriotic glandular cells was significantly higher than the total glandular adenomyotic cells (p < 0.005). HLA-DR-positive Ulixertinib in vitro cells was significantly different between stromal (p < 0.016) and glandular cells (p < 0.044) in

each side of endometrioma. Finally, HLA-DR-positive percentage cells were significantly more frequent in the secretory phase than the proliferative in stromal and glandular cells in both groups.

HLA-DR antigen expression in endometrium and adenomyotic tissues. However, HLA-DR expression is distributed preferentially in glandular epithelial cells in endometrioma and in the adenomyotic stroma. In both groups the HLA-DR expression was significantly higher in the secretory phase than the proliferative or glandular and stroma cells. Larger perspective studies are needed to establish

the expression of HLA antigens in immune reactions which occur in adenomyosis and endometriosis.”
“We present a method to directly study temperature induced structural and morphological changes in the active layer of organic solar cells by capacitance determination. At sufficiently high frequencies the change in device capacitance with temperature is dominated by the expansion of the organic layer. Variations in the expansion coefficient or the permittivity are visible in the capacitive response. Kinase Inhibitor Library order We have studied thin film devices based on poly(3-hexyl)thiophene (P3HT) as well as organic solar cells made from blends of P3HT with a fullerene derivative. Temperature induced transitions are correlated to structural changes in the polymer (e.g., glass transition) as well as morphological changes of the blend; the morphology transition driven by phase separation sets in around 120 degrees C. The advantage of our capacitance method is substantiated as we have demonstrated that confinement due to the substrate and the top electrode alters the effect of temperature on thin films as compared to the bulk material. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.

The use of botulinum toxin has been preliminarily reported for cricopharyngeal achalasia in children as a modality for diagnosis and management. This study describes the use of botulinum toxin as a definitive treatment for pediatric cricopharyngeal achalasia.

Methods: A

retrospective analysis was performed of three patients who were diagnosed with cricopharyngeal achalasia selleck kinase inhibitor and underwent botulinum toxin injections to the cricopharyngeus muscle. The charts were reviewed for etiology, botulinum toxin dosage delivered, length of follow-up, post-operative need for nasogastric tube placement, and swallow studies.

Results: A total of 7 botulinum toxin injections into the cricopharyngeus muscle were performed in three infants with primary cricopharyngeal achalasia between April 2006 and February 2011. Mean dosage was 23.4 units per session (range: 10-44 units), or 3.1 U/kg (range: 1.4-5.3 U/kg). Mean interval period between injections was 3.3 months (range: 2.7-4.0 months). Mean follow-up period was 22.1 months (range: 3.4-44.5 months). One patient required hospital readmission after injection for presumed SRT2104 in vitro aspiration but recovered without need for surgical intervention. No long-term complications were noted post-operatively. All patients

improved clinically and ultimately had their nasogastric feeding tubes removed.

Conclusions: Botulinum toxin appears to be a safe and effective option in the management of primary cricopharyngeal achalasia in children, and may prevent the need for myotomy. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of aortic valve morphology and different surgical aortic valve repair techniques on long-term clinical outcomes.

METHODS: Between February 2003 and May 2010, 216 patients with aortic insufficiency underwent aortic valve repair in our institution. Ages ranged between 26 and 82 years (mean 53 15 years). Aortic valve dysfunctions, according to functional classification, were: type I in 55 patients (25.5%), type II in 126 (58.3%) and type III in 35 (16.2%). Sixty-six patients

(27.7%) had a bicuspid valve. Aortic valve repair click here techniques included sub-commissural plasty in 138 patients, plication in 84, free-edge reinforcement in 80, resection of raphe plus re-suturing in 40 and the chordae technique in 52. Concomitant surgical procedures were CABG in 22 (10%) patients, mitral valve repair in 12 (5.5%), aortic valve-sparing re-implantation in 78 (36%) and ascending aorta replacement in 69 (32%). Mean follow-up was 42 +/- 16 months and was 100% complete.

RESULTS: There were six early deaths (2.7%). Overall late survival was 91.5% (18 late deaths). There were 15 (6.9%) late cardiac-related deaths. NYHA functional class was <= II in all patients. At follow-up, 28 (14.5%) patients had recurrent aortic insufficiency >= grade II.

Our results show that efficient cholesterol extraction depends on the structural distribution of the CDs on the surface of the monolayer. With a suitably oriented dimer, cholesterol is extracted

spontaneously on a nanosecond time scale. Additional free energy calculations reveal that the CDs have a strong affinity to bind to the membrane surface, and, by doing so, destabilize the local packing of cholesterol molecules making their extraction favorable. Our results have implications for the interpretation of experimental measurements, and may help in the rational design of efficient CD based nano-carriers.”
“The spinning of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filaments in laboratory-scale Bcl-2 phosphorylation was studied. The objective was to study the effect of modified calcium silicate (CS) with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) on the melt spinning of PET fibers. The CS was modified with VTES (2% v/v) in diethyl ether at room temperature for 24 h. The modification of CS with VTES improved agglomeration of CS, hydrophobic, and heat-resistance properties. These properties were expected that modified CS could be used as the filler in melt spinning of PET. The incorporation of

modified CS in PET was spinnable. The addition of CS in PET improved its heat resistance. Also, the filler had an effect on the mechanical properties of polyester fibers. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Cells exposed to genotoxic stress, such as ionizing radiation and DNA damaging reagents, either arrest the cell cycle to repair the genome, or undergo apoptosis, depending on the extent of the DNA damage. DNA damage also has been implicated in various differentiation processes. It has been reported OICR-9429 mw that gamma-ray exposure or treatment with DNA-damaging agents could induce myogenic differentiation in Drosophila Schneider cells. However, the mechanism underlying this process has been poorly understood. In this study, exposure of Schneider cells to X-rays or energetic carbon ion beams caused increase of TUNEL-positive cells and conversion of round-shaped cells to elongated cells. Both upregulation of genes related to myogenesis and increase of myosin indicate that the radiation-induced Geneticin morphological

changes of Schneider cells were accompanied with myogenic differentiation. Because the intracellular ceramide was increased in Schneider cells after exposure to X-ray, we examined whether exogenous ceramide could mimic radiation-induced myogenic differentiation. Addition of membrane-permeable C(2)-ceramide to Schneider cells increased apoptosis and expression of myogenic genes. These results suggest that ceramide plays important roles in both apoptosis and the radiation-induced myogenic differentiation process.”
“The authors have investigated the chemical states at the interface of metal/perovskite oxides both with and without bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior using photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Al/Pr(0.7)Ca(0.3)MnO(3) (PCMO), Al/La(0.

The mechanism is analogous to instabilities of detonation waves and also produces a cellular structure commonly observed in gaseous detonations. We suggest that detailed simulations of such unsteady selleck chemical phenomena can yield further information for the validation of nonequilibrium kinetics. [doi:10.1063/1.3585694]“
“PURPOSE To evaluate the protective effect of different ophthalmic

viscosurgical devices on corneal endothelial cells during phacoemulsification in a rabbit model

SETTING Harlan Biotech Israel and Ophthalmology Department, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel

DESIGN Experimental study

METHODS Rabbit eyes were randomly assigned to 3 equally sized groups Endothelial cell counts were performed in all eyes before initiation of the study The aqueous humor was completely replaced by Biolon (sodium hyaluronate 1 0%) in Group A, by a combination of Viscoat (sodium chondroitin sulfate 4 0% sodium hyaluronate 3 0%) and Provisc (sodium chondroitin sulfate 1 0%) using the soft-shell technique in Group B, and by a combination of Visiol (sodium hyaluronate 2 0% mannitol 0 5%) and Biolon Entinostat using the soft-shell

technique in Group C The eyes were exposed to alternating 10 seconds of phacoemulsification and a 10-second pause until a total exposure time of 2 5 minutes elapsed Endothelial cell counts were repeated 3 days after surgery

RESULTS The study used 18 rabbit eyes 6 in each group Group A had the highest endothelial cell loss (13%) followed by Group B (7%), and Group C (4%) The difference in cell loss between Group C and Group A was statistically significant (P

= 037)

CONCLUSION The study showed the efficiency and advantages of the soft-shell technique using the combination of Visiol and Biolon over Biolon alone”
“We report on the unusual nanoscale kinetics of the layer-by-layer deposition of complex oxide heterostructures composed of a unit-cell thick correlated metal LaNiO(3) and dielectric LaAlO(3). The ultrathin multilayers demonstrate extremely good IACS-10759 price crystallinity and surface morphology maintained over the large number of layers, as confirmed by combination of AFM, RHEED, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction. To elucidate the physics behind the growth, the temperature of the substrate and the deposition rate are varied over a wide range and the results are treated in the framework of a two-layer model. The results demonstrate that, in addition to temperature and vapor supersaturation, modulated flux can be employed as a powerful kinetic handle for the fine-tuned manipulation of sub-monolayer growth regimes of multicomponent materials. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3590146]“
“Osteoporosis is a heritable disease characterized mainly by low bone mineral density (BMD) and/or osteoporotic fractures (OF).